<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice: Solidarité Maroc التضامن المغرب]]></title><description><![CDATA[Blog du Réseau de solidarité avec les peuples du Maroc, du Sahara occidental, de Palestine et du monde, créé en février 2009 à l'initiative de Solidarité Maroc 05, AZLS et Tlaxcala]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/s/solidarite-maroc</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Xx8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Ffaustotounsi.substack.com%2Fimg%2Fsubstack.png</url><title>Fausto Giudice: Solidarité Maroc التضامن المغرب</title><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/s/solidarite-maroc</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 06:25:51 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://faustotounsi.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[fr]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[faustotounsi@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[faustotounsi@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[faustotounsi@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[faustotounsi@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[La lucha del preso saharaui Naama Asfari por la libertad: un mes en huelga de hambre]]></title><description><![CDATA[Naama Asfari, condenado a 30 a&#241;os de c&#225;rcel, pide su libertad y la de los presos de Gdeim de Izik en cumplimiento de las resoluciones de la ONU.]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/la-lucha-del-preso-saharaui-naama</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/la-lucha-del-preso-saharaui-naama</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 04 Jul 2026 20:35:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png" width="980" height="646" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X2rQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51215574-3feb-4c99-a792-10f5736c60d9_980x646.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong>Naama Asfari, condenado a 30 a&#241;os de c&#225;rcel, pide su libertad y la de los presos de Gdeim de Izik en cumplimiento de las resoluciones de la ONU. Est&#225;n repartidos por prisiones de Marruecos alejadas de su territorio. Son humillados, padecen indefensi&#243;n, maltrato, aislamiento, falta de asistencia m&#233;dica y ausencia de higiene.</strong></h2><h4><em>Cristina Mart&#237;nez Ben&#237;tez de Lugo, Contramutis, 2 de julio de 2026</em></h4><h2><a href="https://contramutis.wordpress.com/2026/07/03/la-lucha-del-preso-saharaui-naama-asfari-por-la-libertad-un-mes-en-huelga-de-hambre/"><span data-color="#0000ff" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">Leer art&#237;culo</span></a></h2><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Sahrawi delegate to Spain: “Excluding stateless people from regularization benefits Morocco”]]></title><description><![CDATA[Abdulah Arabi says many Spanish socialists confess their discomfort with the government's shift on Western Sahara]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/the-sahrawi-delegate-to-spain-excluding</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/the-sahrawi-delegate-to-spain-excluding</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 18 Apr 2026 05:15:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong><a href="https://www.larazon.es/autores/mgutierrez/">Macarena Guti&#233;rrez</a></strong>, <strong><a href="https://www.larazon.es/espana/delegado-polisario-muchos-socialistas-nos-confiesan-incomodidad-giro-gobierno-sahara_2026041669dfc068b7e0a27eb998edff.html">La Raz&#243;n</a></strong>, <strong>16/04/2026<br>Trnslated by <a href="https://tlaxcala-int.blogspot.com/">Tlaxcala</a><br><a href="https://www.larazon.es/espana/delegado-polisario-muchos-socialistas-nos-confiesan-incomodidad-giro-gobierno-sahara_2026041669dfc068b7e0a27eb998edff.html">Espa&#241;ol </a>- <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/faustotounsi/p/abdulah-arabi-representant-du-front">Fran&#231;ais </a>- <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/faustotounsi/p/the-sahrawi-delegate-to-spain-excluding">English</a></strong></em></p></div><p><em>The last-minute exclusion of stateless immigrants from the Spanish government&#8217;s extraordinary regularization process has landed like a bombshell among the Sahrawi population in Spain. They make up 95% of such applications, so they see S&#225;nchez&#8217;s executive maneuver, which they claim only seeks &#8220;to benefit Morocco,&#8221; as a direct attack on their interests. Abdulah Arabi, delegate of the Polisario Front in our country for a decade, answers LA RAZ&#211;N just back from the Tindouf camps (Algeria).</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2740697,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://faustotounsi.substack.com/i/194549295?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>What is your reading of the exclusion of stateless applicants from this extraordinary regularization?</strong></p><p>Once again, in a law designed to regularize the situation of the migrant population in Spain, the government has left out a very specific group, that of stateless people. And that is not innocent. Coincidentally, around 95% of those who apply for statelessness in Spain are Sahrawis. That is why we believe it is neither a technical nor a casual decision, but an exclusion with a clear political connotation.</p><p><strong>Do you think it is done to please Morocco?</strong></p><p>What is clear is that it is done to exclude the Sahrawi population. And anything that excludes Sahrawis, anything that goes against the aspirations and rights of the Sahrawi people, ends up benefiting Morocco. That is the reality.</p><p><strong>When did you learn about this change?</strong></p><p>Yesterday, during the debate [in Parliament]. Until that moment, that exclusion was not included. Previously, stateless applicants were not outside the scope of the measure. It was when analyzing the text and seeing who it really affected that we understood the meaning of this amendment. And that is why we think it was introduced precisely to push that group aside.</p><p><strong>Sumar also failed to twist the government&#8217;s arm.</strong></p><p>At this point, nothing surprises us anymore. We are in a dynamic where the government has tried to consolidate a position contrary to what the Spanish Parliament, the Congress, the Senate and a large part of the political forces have traditionally defended, namely support for a solution in accordance with international law. Since the executive decided to align itself with the Moroccan autonomy proposal, everything seems to be conditioned by that stance. And that has broken a foreign policy consensus that had lasted 47 years. Moreover, it does not have the support of the institutions or even of the entire government coalition. That is why I say we are facing a worrying drift, but no longer surprising.</p><p><strong>In recent weeks, the Polisario has held meetings with US mediation on the Sahara. What has been achieved?</strong></p><p>There have already been three meetings: two in the United States and one at the US embassy in Madrid. They were attended by Morocco, the Polisario Front, the United Nations, the US administration, and neighboring countries such as Algeria and Mauritania. The framework is Resolution 2797, which calls for reactivating conversations and dialogue with a view to a solution that allows the Sahrawi people to exercise their right to self-determination. We have made it very clear, as the Polisario Front and representing the Sahrawi people, that any solution must be chosen uniquely and exclusively by the Sahrawi people themselves. Morocco claims to impose its autonomy plan, but we remain open to dialogue as long as it leads to an outcome consistent with the political and legal nature of the conflict. Western Sahara remains an unfinished decolonization issue, and only the Sahrawi people can decide their future.</p><p><strong>Don&#8217;t you see it as a small victory that Spain has signed a document again in which the UN is mentioned?</strong></p><p>Spain lost any mediation capacity in 2022. We do not expect a solution to the Western Sahara conflict from Spain. And if at any time it could have played a mediating role, it lost it when it adopted a position contrary to international law. Whoever adopts the autonomy proposal within Morocco can no longer present themselves as a mediator between the parties, because they have clearly leaned towards one of them. Spain excluded itself the moment it moved away from the international framework.</p><p><strong>And does the restoration of relations between Spain and Algeria benefit you in any way?</strong></p><p>Any improvement in relations between countries in the region or with countries like Spain is positive, as long as it is not at the expense of the legitimate aspirations of the Sahrawi people. Good neighborliness, cooperation and mutual respect contribute to stability in North Africa. We will always view that favorably. However, as long as the Western Sahara conflict remains unresolved, it is very difficult to talk about solid and honest peace in the region. That conflict remains a central element of instability.</p><p><strong>Four years have passed since Pedro S&#225;nchez&#8217;s letter to Mohammed VI, and the reason for that shift has still not been explained. What do you think?</strong></p><p>Neither the reason has been explained nor has a clear positive consequence for Spain&#8217;s interests been seen. Nor in the bilateral relationship with Morocco. The data are there and do not show an obvious benefit that would justify such a rupture with Spain&#8217;s historical position.</p><p><strong>Do you also believe it was due to blackmail by Morocco?</strong></p><p>We have always said that Morocco&#8217;s relationship with Spain has often been marked by elements of manipulation, pressure, blackmail and coercion. Therefore, we are inclined to think that what happened is more a response to that kind of dynamic than to a logic of clear economic interest, at least one that we can identify.</p><p><strong>Why is the Moroccan lobby so effective?</strong></p><p>Because it has much more powerful economic, political and pressure instruments than we do. We defend a cause based on international law, legality and very solid legal arguments. But international politics does not work only with reason. It also works with economic interests, immigration management, counter-terrorism cooperation and other pressure levers. Morocco uses all of that to condition political positions, and the case of Spain is a clear example.</p><p><strong>What do you expect from the United States?</strong></p><p>The United States remains an actor with international leadership capacity and has decided to get involved in this issue to try to bring about a solution. We will continue to participate in that process, but without renouncing the essential: we are not facing an internal problem of Morocco, but an issue of international law and decolonization that remains on the agenda of the United Nations, the Fourth Committee and the Security Council. Our position will remain the same: to support any serious effort that leads to a solution freely chosen by the Sahrawi people, without impositions or coercion.</p><p><strong>I imagine that, privately, many socialist MPs convey their discomfort to you.</strong></p><p>Yes, there is discomfort. And not only because historically the PSOE has had a very clear position on Western Sahara, but also because a large part of the host families of the Vacaciones en Paz (Holidays in Peace) program are socialist militants or officials. According to the information we have, many are not comfortable with this position. Another thing is that, in the end, the official party line on foreign policy is now aligned with the position adopted by the President of the Government and the Minister four years ago.</p><p><strong>What do they tell you?</strong></p><p>They find it hard to explain the reason for the shift. And what emerges above all is a feeling of incoherence. You cannot firmly defend international law in Ukraine, the Middle East or any other conflict, and yet depart from it when it comes to Western Sahara. That contradiction weakens the discourse. It undermines its solidity and credibility. And that is also perceived by many people within the Socialist Party itself.</p><p><strong>You have just returned from Tindouf. How is the mood there?</strong></p><p>We have found a people who, fifty years later, remain firm in their demands and their resistance. Five decades of building and consolidating a state in exile, in refuge conditions, and yet the determination remains intact. There is a clear will that the definitive solution come through peaceful means, but also an equally firm conviction not to accept anything that goes against international law.</p><p><strong>Is armed struggle still a real alternative?</strong></p><p>Yes. In fact, since 2020 there is a war, although it is often presented as a low-intensity one. But it exists, it costs human lives and makes it impossible to speak seriously of peace and stability without first addressing that reality. It is not the scenario desired by the Sahrawi people. For 29 years, from 1991 to 2020, they bet on a peace plan based on holding a self-determination referendum. That referendum never came, and meanwhile Morocco consolidated its occupation with the complicity of Western actors, including European countries like Spain and France, and continued to exploit the territory&#8217;s natural resources. Even so, we still extend a hand to a peaceful solution, but with the same determination to continue the struggle as long as there is no just solution.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aBV3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0172728-00d0-447a-b2f2-d693713a9f4e_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aBV3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0172728-00d0-447a-b2f2-d693713a9f4e_1402x1122.png 424w, 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Abdulah Arabi, représentant du Front POLISARIO en Espagne : « L’exclusion des apatrides de la régularisation des étrangers profite au Maroc »]]></title><description><![CDATA[Abdulah Arabi assure que de nombreux socialistes lui confient leur malaise face au virage du gouvernement sur le Sahara occidental]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/abdulah-arabi-representant-du-front</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/abdulah-arabi-representant-du-front</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 18 Apr 2026 05:00:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h4><em><strong>Abdulah Arabi assure que de nombreux socialistes lui confient leur malaise face au virage du gouvernement sur le Sahara occidental</strong></em></h4><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong><a href="https://www.larazon.es/autores/mgutierrez/">Macarena Guti&#233;rrez</a></strong>, <strong><a href="https://www.larazon.es/espana/delegado-polisario-muchos-socialistas-nos-confiesan-incomodidad-giro-gobierno-sahara_2026041669dfc068b7e0a27eb998edff.html">La Raz&#243;n</a></strong>, <strong>16/04/2026<br>Traduit par par <a href="https://tlaxcala-int.blogspot.com/">Tlaxcala</a><br><a href="https://www.larazon.es/espana/delegado-polisario-muchos-socialistas-nos-confiesan-incomodidad-giro-gobierno-sahara_2026041669dfc068b7e0a27eb998edff.html">Espa&#241;ol </a>- <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/faustotounsi/p/abdulah-arabi-representant-du-front">Fran&#231;ais </a>- <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/faustotounsi/p/the-sahrawi-delegate-to-spain-excluding">English</a></strong></em></p></div><p><em>L&#8217;exclusion de derni&#232;re minute des immigrants apatrides du processus de r&#233;gularisation extraordinaire du gouvernement espagnol a fait l&#8217;effet d&#8217;une bombe parmi la population sahraouie en Espagne. Ils repr&#233;sentent 95 % de ce type de demandes, aussi consid&#232;rent-ils comme une attaque directe contre leurs int&#233;r&#234;ts la man&#339;uvre de l&#8217;ex&#233;cutif de S&#225;nchez qui ne viserait qu&#8217;&#224; &#171; profiter au Maroc &#187;. Abdulah Arabi, d&#233;l&#233;gu&#233; du Front Polisario dans notre pays depuis dix ans, tout juste revenu des camps de Tindouf (Alg&#233;rie), r&#233;pond &#224; LA RAZ&#211;N</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kzTw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0389ae3-5f7f-4b43-968e-cd75028bad06_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>Quelle lecture faites-vous de l&#8217;exclusion des demandeurs de statut d&#8217;apatride de cette r&#233;gularisation extraordinaire ?</strong></p><p>Une fois de plus, dans une loi con&#231;ue pour r&#233;gulariser la situation de la population migrante en Espagne, le gouvernement a laiss&#233; de c&#244;t&#233; un collectif tr&#232;s sp&#233;cifique, celui des apatrides. Et cela n&#8217;est pas anodin. Par hasard, environ 95 % de ceux qui demandent le statut d&#8217;apatride en Espagne sont des Sahraouis. C&#8217;est pourquoi nous pensons qu&#8217;il ne s&#8217;agit ni d&#8217;une d&#233;cision technique ni d&#8217;un hasard, mais d&#8217;une exclusion &#224; la connotation politique claire.</p><p><strong>Pensez-vous qu&#8217;elle vise &#224; contenter le Maroc ?</strong></p><p>Ce qui est clair, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;elle vise &#224; exclure la population sahraouie. Et tout ce qui exclut les Sahraouis, tout ce qui va contre les aspirations et les droits du peuple sahraoui, finit par profiter au Maroc. C&#8217;est la r&#233;alit&#233;.</p><p><strong>Quand avez-vous eu connaissance de ce changement ?</strong></p><p>Hier, pendant le d&#233;bat [au Parlement]. Jusqu&#8217;&#224; ce moment, cette exclusion n&#8217;&#233;tait pas pr&#233;vue. Auparavant, les demandeurs d&#8217;apatridie n&#8217;&#233;taient pas exclus du champ de la mesure. C&#8217;est en analysant le texte et en voyant qui &#233;tait r&#233;ellement concern&#233; que nous avons compris le sens de cette modification. Et c&#8217;est pourquoi nous pensons qu&#8217;elle a &#233;t&#233; introduite pr&#233;cis&#233;ment pour &#233;carter ce collectif.</p><p><strong>Sumar n&#8217;est pas non plus parvenu &#224; faire plier le gouvernement.</strong></p><p>&#192; ce stade, plus rien ne nous surprend. Nous sommes dans une dynamique o&#249; le gouvernement a tent&#233; de consolider une position contraire &#224; ce qu&#8217;ont traditionnellement d&#233;fendu le Parlement espagnol, le Congr&#232;s, le S&#233;nat et une grande partie des forces politiques, &#224; savoir le soutien &#224; une solution conforme au droit international. Depuis que l&#8217;ex&#233;cutif a d&#233;cid&#233; de s&#8217;aligner sur la proposition d&#8217;autonomie marocaine, tout semble conditionn&#233; par cette position. Et cela a bris&#233; un consensus de politique &#233;trang&#232;re qui avait dur&#233; 47 ans. De plus, elle ne b&#233;n&#233;ficie du soutien ni des institutions ni m&#234;me de l&#8217;ensemble de la coalition gouvernementale. C&#8217;est pourquoi je dis que nous assistons &#224; une d&#233;rive pr&#233;occupante, mais pas vraiment surprenante.</p><p><strong>Ces derni&#232;res semaines, le Polisario a eu des r&#233;unions avec m&#233;diation usam&#233;ricaine sur le Sahara. Qu&#8217;a-t-on obtenu ?</strong></p><p>Il y a d&#233;j&#224; eu trois rencontres : deux aux USA et une &#224; l&#8217;ambassade des USA &#224; Madrid. Y ont particip&#233; le Maroc, le Front Polisario, les Nations unies, l&#8217;administration usam&#233;ricaine ainsi que des pays voisins comme l&#8217;Alg&#233;rie et la Mauritanie. Le cadre est la r&#233;solution 2797, qui appelle &#224; relancer les conversations et le dialogue en vue d&#8217;une solution permettant au peuple sahraoui d&#8217;exercer son droit &#224; l&#8217;autod&#233;termination. Nous avons clairement indiqu&#233;, en tant que Front Polisario et repr&#233;sentants du peuple sahraoui, que toute solution doit &#234;tre choisie uniquement et exclusivement par le peuple sahraoui lui-m&#234;me. Le Maroc pr&#233;tend imposer son plan d&#8217;autonomie, mais nous restons ouverts au dialogue &#224; condition qu&#8217;il conduise &#224; une issue coh&#233;rente avec la nature politique et juridique du conflit. Le Sahara occidental reste une question de d&#233;colonisation inachev&#233;e et seul le peuple sahraoui peut d&#233;cider de son avenir.</p><p><strong>Ne voyez-vous pas comme une petite victoire que l&#8217;Espagne ait de nouveau sign&#233; un document o&#249; l&#8217;ONU est mentionn&#233;e ?</strong></p><p>L&#8217;Espagne a perdu en 2022 toute capacit&#233; de m&#233;diation. Nous n&#8217;attendons pas de l&#8217;Espagne une solution au conflit du Sahara occidental. Et si elle a pu jouer un r&#244;le de m&#233;diateur &#224; un moment donn&#233;, elle l&#8217;a perdu lorsqu&#8217;elle a adopt&#233; une position contraire au droit international. Celui qui fait sienne la proposition d&#8217;autonomie au sein du Maroc ne peut plus se pr&#233;senter comme m&#233;diateur entre les parties, car il s&#8217;est clairement inclin&#233; vers l&#8217;une d&#8217;elles. L&#8217;Espagne s&#8217;est autoexclue au moment o&#249; elle s&#8217;est &#233;cart&#233;e du cadre international.</p><p><strong>Et le r&#233;tablissement des relations entre l&#8217;Espagne et l&#8217;Alg&#233;rie vous profite-t-il en quelque chose ?</strong></p><p>Toute am&#233;lioration des relations entre les pays de la r&#233;gion ou avec des pays comme l&#8217;Espagne est positive, &#224; condition qu&#8217;elle ne se fasse pas au d&#233;triment des aspirations l&#233;gitimes du peuple sahraoui. Le bon voisinage, la coop&#233;ration et le respect mutuel contribuent &#224; la stabilit&#233; en Afrique du Nord. Nous verrons toujours cela d&#8217;un bon &#339;il. Cela dit, tant que le conflit du Sahara occidental ne sera pas r&#233;solu, il est tr&#232;s difficile de parler d&#8217;une paix solide et honn&#234;te dans la r&#233;gion. Ce conflit reste un &#233;l&#233;ment central d&#8217;instabilit&#233;.</p><p><strong>Quatre ans se sont &#233;coul&#233;s depuis la lettre de Pedro S&#225;nchez &#224; Mohammed VI et l&#8217;on n&#8217;a toujours pas expliqu&#233; ce qui a motiv&#233; ce virage. Qu&#8217;en pensez-vous ?</strong></p><p>On n&#8217;a expliqu&#233; ni le motif ni vu de cons&#233;quence positive claire pour les int&#233;r&#234;ts de l&#8217;Espagne. Pas plus que dans la relation bilat&#233;rale avec le Maroc. Les chiffres sont l&#224; et ne montrent pas de b&#233;n&#233;fice &#233;vident qui justifierait une telle rupture avec la position historique espagnole.</p><p><strong>Croyez-vous aussi qu&#8217;elle ait &#233;t&#233; due &#224; un chantage du Maroc ?</strong></p><p>Nous avons toujours dit que la relation du Maroc avec l&#8217;Espagne a souvent &#233;t&#233; marqu&#233;e par des &#233;l&#233;ments de manipulation, de pression, de chantage et de coercition. Par cons&#233;quent, nous penchons &#224; penser que ce qui s&#8217;est pass&#233; rel&#232;ve davantage de ce type de dynamiques que d&#8217;une logique d&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t &#233;conomique clair, du moins d&#8217;un que nous puissions identifier.</p><p><strong>Pourquoi le &#171; lobby &#187; marocain est-il si efficace ?</strong></p><p>Parce qu&#8217;il dispose d&#8217;instruments &#233;conomiques, politiques et de pression bien plus puissants que les n&#244;tres. Nous d&#233;fendons une cause fond&#233;e sur le droit international, la l&#233;galit&#233; et des arguments juridiques tr&#232;s solides. Mais la politique internationale ne fonctionne pas seulement avec la raison. Elle fonctionne aussi avec les int&#233;r&#234;ts &#233;conomiques, la gestion de l&#8217;immigration, la coop&#233;ration antiterroriste et d&#8217;autres leviers de pression. Le Maroc utilise tout cela pour conditionner les positions politiques, et le cas de l&#8217;Espagne en est un exemple clair.</p><p><strong>Qu&#8217;attendez-vous des USA ?</strong></p><p>Les USA restent un acteur capable de leadership international et ils ont d&#233;cid&#233; de s&#8217;impliquer dans cette question pour tenter de se rapprocher d&#8217;une solution. Nous allons continuer &#224; participer &#224; ce processus, mais sans renoncer &#224; l&#8217;essentiel : nous ne sommes pas face &#224; un probl&#232;me interne du Maroc, mais &#224; une question de droit international et de d&#233;colonisation qui reste &#224; l&#8217;ordre du jour des Nations unies, de la Quatri&#232;me Commission et du Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233;. Notre position restera la m&#234;me : soutenir tout effort s&#233;rieux qui aboutisse &#224; une solution librement choisie par le peuple sahraoui, sans impositions ni coercitions.</p><p><strong>J&#8217;imagine qu&#8217;en priv&#233;, de nombreux d&#233;put&#233;s socialistes vous font part de leur malaise.</strong></p><p>Oui, il y a un malaise. Et non seulement parce que le PSOE a historiquement eu une position tr&#232;s claire sur le Sahara occidental, mais aussi parce qu&#8217;une grande partie des familles d&#8217;accueil du programme Vacances en paix sont des militants ou des &#233;lus socialistes. Selon les informations que nous avons, beaucoup ne sont pas &#224; l&#8217;aise avec cette position. Autre chose est qu&#8217;au final, la ligne officielle du parti en mati&#232;re de politique &#233;trang&#232;re soit aujourd&#8217;hui align&#233;e sur la position qu&#8217;ont adopt&#233;e le pr&#233;sident du gouvernement et le ministre il y a quatre ans.</p><p><strong>Que vous disent-ils ?</strong></p><p>Ils ont du mal &#224; expliquer la raison du virage. Et ce qui &#233;merge surtout, c&#8217;est un sentiment d&#8217;incoh&#233;rence. On ne peut pas d&#233;fendre fermement le droit international en Ukraine, au Moyen-Orient ou dans tout autre conflit, et pourtant s&#8217;en &#233;carter quand il s&#8217;agit du Sahara occidental. Cette contradiction affaiblit le discours. Elle lui enl&#232;ve de sa solidit&#233; et de sa cr&#233;dibilit&#233;. Et cela est aussi per&#231;u par de nombreuses personnes au sein du Parti socialiste lui-m&#234;me.</p><p><strong>Vous venez de rentrer de Tindouf. Comment est l&#8217;ambiance l&#224;-bas ?</strong></p><p>Nous avons trouv&#233; un peuple qui, cinquante ans plus tard, reste ferme dans ses revendications et dans sa r&#233;sistance. Cinq d&#233;cennies de construction et de consolidation d&#8217;un &#201;tat en exil, dans des conditions de refuge, et pourtant la d&#233;termination reste intacte. Il y a une volont&#233; claire que la solution d&#233;finitive vienne par la voie pacifique, mais aussi une conviction tout aussi ferme de n&#8217;accepter rien qui soit contraire au droit international.</p><p><strong>La lutte arm&#233;e reste-t-elle une alternative r&#233;elle ?</strong></p><p>Oui. En fait, depuis 2020, il y a une guerre, m&#234;me si on veut souvent la pr&#233;senter comme de faible intensit&#233;. Mais elle existe, elle co&#251;te des vies humaines et rend impossible de parler s&#233;rieusement de paix et de stabilit&#233; sans aborder d&#8217;abord cette r&#233;alit&#233;. Ce n&#8217;est pas le sc&#233;nario souhait&#233; par le peuple sahraoui. Pendant 29 ans, de 1991 &#224; 2020, on a pari&#233; sur un plan de paix fond&#233; sur la tenue d&#8217;un r&#233;f&#233;rendum d&#8217;autod&#233;termination. Ce r&#233;f&#233;rendum n&#8217;a pas eu lieu et, pendant ce temps, le Maroc a consolid&#233; son occupation avec la complicit&#233; d&#8217;acteurs occidentaux, parmi lesquels des pays europ&#233;ens comme l&#8217;Espagne et la France, et a continu&#233; d&#8217;exploiter les ressources naturelles du territoire. Malgr&#233; tout, nous tendons encore la main vers une issue pacifique, mais avec la m&#234;me d&#233;termination &#224; poursuivre la lutte tant qu&#8217;il n&#8217;y aura pas de solution juste.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aBV3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0172728-00d0-447a-b2f2-d693713a9f4e_1402x1122.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aBV3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0172728-00d0-447a-b2f2-d693713a9f4e_1402x1122.png 424w, 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Manifeste pour les prisonniers politiques sahraouis]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hier marquait la cinqui&#232;me ann&#233;e de nos rassemblements hebdomadaires devant le minist&#232;re des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res d&#8217;Espagne pour demander au ministre d&#8217;agir en faveur des prisonniers politiques sahraouis incarc&#233;r&#233;s dans les prisons marocaines.]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/manifeste-pour-les-prisonniers-politiques</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/manifeste-pour-les-prisonniers-politiques</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 09:56:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FYje!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5085f25d-015b-4c8d-bb8c-fd20de546124_640x480.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><em>Hier marquait la cinqui&#232;me ann&#233;e de nos rassemblements hebdomadaires devant le minist&#232;re des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res d&#8217;Espagne pour demander au ministre d&#8217;agir en faveur des prisonniers politiques sahraouis incarc&#233;r&#233;s dans les prisons marocaines. Des amis de la cause sahraouie &#233;taient pr&#233;sents et nous avons lu le communiqu&#233; ci-dessous.</em></h4></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FYje!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5085f25d-015b-4c8d-bb8c-fd20de546124_640x480.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FYje!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5085f25d-015b-4c8d-bb8c-fd20de546124_640x480.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FYje!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5085f25d-015b-4c8d-bb8c-fd20de546124_640x480.webp 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vCfc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4757479e-023c-49f5-902b-26ec817a0ef7_640x480.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vCfc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4757479e-023c-49f5-902b-26ec817a0ef7_640x480.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vCfc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4757479e-023c-49f5-902b-26ec817a0ef7_640x480.webp" width="640" height="480" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vCfc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4757479e-023c-49f5-902b-26ec817a0ef7_640x480.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vCfc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4757479e-023c-49f5-902b-26ec817a0ef7_640x480.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vCfc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4757479e-023c-49f5-902b-26ec817a0ef7_640x480.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Mouvement pour les prisonniers politiques sahraouis dans les prisons marocaines, Madrid, 2 mars 2026</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Traduit par <a href="https://tlaxcala-int.blogspot.com/">Tlaxcala</a></strong></em></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>MANIFESTE</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Pour le cinqui&#232;me anniversaire des rassemblements pour la lib&#233;ration des prisonniers politiques sahraouis devant le si&#232;ge du minist&#232;re espagnol des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res, de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne et de la Coop&#233;ration (Plaza de la Provincia, Madrid)</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp" width="240" height="320" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:320,&quot;width&quot;:240,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axca!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F482980f7-4b31-4630-95ff-e2d4807f6feb_240x320.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Cela fait maintenant cinq ans que nous, membres du Mouvement pour les Prisonniers Politiques Sahraouis (MPPS) dans les prisons marocaines, et toutes les personnes solidaires qui le souhaitent, nous nous rassemblons ici, sur la Plaza de la Provincia, &#224; Madrid, devant le si&#232;ge du minist&#232;re des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res, tous les lundis, pour exiger que le gouvernement espagnol r&#233;clame la lib&#233;ration des prisonniers politiques sahraouis.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">NOUS D&#201;NON&#199;ONS, devant les autorit&#233;s espagnoles et devant le monde entier, l&#8217;inqualifiable injustice cruellement perp&#233;tr&#233;e contre ces prisonniers politiques et, &#224; travers ce qu&#8217;ils repr&#233;sentent, contre tout le peuple sahraoui depuis 50 ans. Ils sont emprisonn&#233;s pour le seul fait de r&#233;clamer la libert&#233; de leur peuple et l&#8217;exercice de leur droit l&#233;gitime &#224; l&#8217;autod&#233;termination, proclam&#233; par la R&#233;solution 1514 (XV) des Nations Unies.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ils sont soumis &#224; toutes sortes de vexations et de tortures pour leur arracher des aveux incriminants, les juger lors de proc&#232;s bidon, et les condamner &#224; de longues peines de prison, &#224; une mort lente, en territoire marocain, &#224; plus de 1 000 km de leurs familles, soumis &#224; l&#8217;isolement et &#224; de constants mauvais traitements et ch&#226;timents, dans des conditions carc&#233;rales inhumaines, source de toutes sortes de maux et de maladies, dont les autorit&#233;s carc&#233;rales marocaines refusent de permettre le traitement m&#233;dical, &#233;tant &#233;galement arbitrairement priv&#233;s de communication t&#233;l&#233;phonique, de facilit&#233;s pour &#233;tudier, de visites familiales, absolument sans protection en raison de l&#8217;interdiction faite aux avocats et aux observateurs, etc., etc., etc.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Leur seul outil pour d&#233;noncer cette situation et tenter de la rendre visible au monde est la gr&#232;ve de la faim, des gr&#232;ves terribles qui d&#233;t&#233;riorent encore plus, et dangereusement, la sant&#233; m&#234;me des prisonniers, leur causant parfois des maladies irr&#233;versibles qui les rapprochent plus rapidement de la mort. Parfois, les autorit&#233;s carc&#233;rales parviennent &#224; briser ces gr&#232;ves par des tromperies et des promesses qu&#8217;elles ne tiendront pas par la suite.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Les <em>Proc&#233;dures sp&#233;ciales</em> des Nations Unies r&#233;pondent toujours positivement aux plaintes pour torture et d&#233;tention arbitraire de ces prisonniers. Elles demandent leur lib&#233;ration et la r&#233;paration due pour la souffrance et les pr&#233;judices caus&#233;s. Mais le Maroc ignore syst&#233;matiquement les avis de ces instances des Nations Unies.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nous connaissons l&#8217;existence des 31 prisonniers politiques sahraouis actuels. 19 d&#8217;entre eux appartiennent au nombreux &#171; Groupe de Gdeim Izik &#187; - l&#8217;immense camp de protestation qui a tenu pendant un mois face au Maroc -, qui cumule 8 peines de prison &#224; perp&#233;tuit&#233;, sur les 9 impos&#233;es par le Maroc aux Sahraouis. Mais il y en a plus de 31. Beaucoup ne r&#233;clament pas, ne d&#233;noncent pas, ne veulent pas que l&#8217;on parle d&#8217;eux par crainte des repr&#233;sailles, contre eux-m&#234;mes et aussi contre leurs familles, mis&#233;rablement. Et pour cela, ils purgent silencieusement leurs peines. Il faut rappeler, dans ce contexte de brutalit&#233;, la derni&#232;re victime mortelle en captivit&#233;, Omar Bahia Abdelmajid, qui a &#233;t&#233; arr&#234;t&#233; un dimanche de novembre 2024 lors d&#8217;une manifestation et le mercredi suivant &#233;tait mort au commissariat. Les donn&#233;es de l&#8217;autopsie n&#8217;ont pas &#233;t&#233; rendues accessibles, ce qui a r&#233;v&#233;l&#233; une fois de plus l&#8217;obscurantisme et l&#8217;impunit&#233; propres &#224; l&#8217;occupant marocain.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La position du gouvernement espagnol concernant diverses causes est erratique : parfois, il est critique envers le g&#233;nocide isra&#233;lien du peuple palestinien, mais en r&#233;alit&#233; il est complice d&#8217;Isra&#235;l dans de tr&#232;s nombreux cas. En revanche, il n&#8217;y a aucun doute dans le cas du peuple sahraoui : notre gouvernement est ind&#233;niablement alli&#233; du Maroc dans l&#8217;occupation du Sahara occidental et, par cons&#233;quent, complice des m&#233;faits marocains. Et il fait preuve d&#8217;une passivit&#233; criante face aux mauvais traitements et &#224; la terrible situation des prisonniers politiques sahraouis.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L&#8217;Espagne - le gouvernement espagnol &#8211; s&#8217;incline devant le Maroc. Comme lorsqu&#8217;il a livr&#233; de force au Maroc Hussein Bachir Amadour, membre du groupe &#171; <em>Compagnons d&#8217;El Ouali &#187;</em>, qui demandait l&#8217;asile politique en Espagne parce que 15 membres de son groupe &#233;taient d&#233;j&#224; en prison, et qui purge maintenant 12 ans de prison au Maroc. Ou comme lorsqu&#8217;il n&#8217;&#233;met pas la moindre triste note de protestation face aux nombreuses expulsions d&#8217;observateurs, auxquels le Maroc ne permet pas d&#8217;acc&#233;der aux territoires occup&#233;s. Ou comme il le fait depuis 2012, &#233;tant le premier &#224; soutenir le Maroc face aux plaintes du Front Polisario concernant les Accords ill&#233;gaux UE-Maroc qui spolient les ressources naturelles des territoires sahraouis occup&#233;s. Ou comme lorsque le pr&#233;sident du gouvernement, Pedro S&#225;nchez Castej&#243;n, a soutenu en 2022, et maintient aujourd&#8217;hui, la th&#232;se de la pr&#233;sum&#233;e autonomie pour le Sahara occidental, qui, en fait, &#233;quivaudrait &#224; une annexion.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L&#8217;occupation d&#8217;un territoire, en g&#233;n&#233;ral, et de la majeure partie du territoire sahraoui, en particulier, g&#233;n&#232;re beaucoup de souffrance et toutes sortes d&#8217;injustices. C&#8217;est la n&#233;gation de l&#8217;&#234;tre humain en tant que tel et elle entra&#238;ne les pires violations des droits. Les habitants originels - les Sahraouis - sont une g&#234;ne pour que l&#8217;occupant marocain puisse occuper l&#8217;espace et piller &#224; loisir les ressources naturelles d&#8217;autrui. C&#8217;est pourquoi les territoires occup&#233;s du Sahara occidental sont une prison &#224; ciel ouvert, sans droits ; et les Sahraouis, victimes des plus grands outrages.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Face aux attaques criminelles qui sont actuellement perp&#233;tr&#233;es dans le monde, l&#8217;occupation du Sahara occidental par le Maroc est le contexte qui implique le plus - et qui devrait le plus impliquer - l&#8217;Espagne, car l&#8217;Espagne a &#233;t&#233; pendant pr&#232;s d&#8217;un si&#232;cle la m&#233;tropole coloniale, et actuellement elle reste la puissance administrante du Sahara occidental. L&#8217;Espagne n&#8217;a pas d&#233;colonis&#233;, mais a honteusement &#233;lud&#233; ses obligations internationales, et a vendu ill&#233;galement la population sahraouie qu&#8217;elle devait prot&#233;ger. Et sa responsabilit&#233; de veiller sur les Sahraouis - y compris les prisonniers politiques - ne s&#8217;&#233;teindra pas tant que le r&#233;f&#233;rendum d&#8217;autod&#233;termination n&#8217;aura pas eu lieu et que les Sahraouis ne pourront pas choisir librement leur avenir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mais le ministre des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res, Jos&#233; Manuel Albares, &#233;lude le probl&#232;me, un probl&#232;me, qui le concerne avant tout autre. Il ne cherche pas de solutions. Il ignore le cri du peuple sahraoui. Il ne l&#232;ve pas le petit doigt pour r&#233;pondre aux r&#233;clamations que nous lui adressons tous les lundis aux portes de son minist&#232;re, sur la Plaza de la Provincia. Il n&#8217;utilise pas le pouvoir et les outils de la diplomatie pour lib&#233;rer ces prisonniers ni pour adoucir leurs injustes conditions de captivit&#233;. Il le fait, en revanche, dans le cas d&#8217;autres pays avec lesquels il n&#8217;a pas les responsabilit&#233;s et obligations qui lui incombent en tant que puissance l&#233;galement administrante du Sahara occidental.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">C&#8217;est pourquoi nous continuerons &#224; &#234;tre l&#224; tous les lundis et tout le temps qu&#8217;il faudra, d&#233;non&#231;ant le Maroc et le gouvernement espagnol, et EXIGEANT LA LIB&#201;RATION DE TOUS LES PRISONNIERS POLITIQUES SAHRAOUIS.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nous avons besoin de votre soutien et de vos id&#233;es et initiatives, ainsi que d&#8217;une diffusion permanente pour briser le mur du silence et de l&#8217;impunit&#233;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le peuple sahraoui, et en particulier les prisonniers politiques et leurs familles, ont besoin de vous et vous en remercient infiniment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">VIVE LA LUTTE DU PEUPLE SAHRAOUI !</p><p style="text-align: justify;">VIVE LE SAHARA LIBRE !</p><p style="text-align: justify;">VIVENT LES PRISONNIERS POLITIQUES SAHRAOUIS !</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Manifiesto por los presos políticos saharauis]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ayer se cumpli&#243; el quinto aniversario de nuestras concentraciones semanales ante el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Espa&#241;a para pedir al ministro que act&#250;e en defensa de los presos pol&#237;ticos saharauis en c&#225;rceles de Marruecos.]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/manifiesto-por-los-presos-politicos</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/manifiesto-por-los-presos-politicos</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 09:50:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!llhi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F387e5b15-4e94-430a-8675-d84c2e65f66b_640x480.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><h4><em>Ayer se cumpli&#243; el quinto aniversario de nuestras concentraciones semanales ante el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Espa&#241;a para pedir al ministro que act&#250;e en defensa de los presos pol&#237;ticos saharauis en c&#225;rceles de Marruecos. Acudieron amigos de la causa saharaui, y le&#237;mos el comunicado a continuaci&#243;n.</em></h4></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!llhi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F387e5b15-4e94-430a-8675-d84c2e65f66b_640x480.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!llhi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F387e5b15-4e94-430a-8675-d84c2e65f66b_640x480.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!llhi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F387e5b15-4e94-430a-8675-d84c2e65f66b_640x480.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!llhi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F387e5b15-4e94-430a-8675-d84c2e65f66b_640x480.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!llhi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F387e5b15-4e94-430a-8675-d84c2e65f66b_640x480.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!llhi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F387e5b15-4e94-430a-8675-d84c2e65f66b_640x480.webp" width="640" height="480" 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stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Movimiento por los Presos Pol&#237;ticos Saharauis en c&#225;rceles marroqu&#237;es, Madrid, 2 de marzo de 2026</strong></em></p><h3 style="text-align: center;"><strong>Manifiesto</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>En el quinto aniversario de las concentraciones por la libertad de los presos pol&#237;ticos saharauis ante la sede del Ministerio espa&#241;ol de Asuntos Exteriores, Uni&#243;n Europea y Cooperaci&#243;n (Plaza de la Provincia, Madrid)</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Se cumplen ahora cinco a&#241;os desde que los integrantes del Movimiento por los Presos Pol&#237;ticos Saharauis (MPPS) en c&#225;rceles marroqu&#237;es, y cuantas personas solidarias lo desean, nos concentramos aqu&#237;, en la Plaza de la Provincia, en Madrid, ante la sede del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, todos los lunes, para exigir que el Gobierno de Espa&#241;a reclame la puesta en libertad de los presos pol&#237;ticos saharauis.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JopB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e652eaf-963d-4f7a-982f-c2c0419041f0_240x320.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JopB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e652eaf-963d-4f7a-982f-c2c0419041f0_240x320.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JopB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e652eaf-963d-4f7a-982f-c2c0419041f0_240x320.webp 848w, 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JopB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e652eaf-963d-4f7a-982f-c2c0419041f0_240x320.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JopB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e652eaf-963d-4f7a-982f-c2c0419041f0_240x320.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JopB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e652eaf-963d-4f7a-982f-c2c0419041f0_240x320.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">DENUNCIAMOS, ante las autoridades espa&#241;olas y ante el mundo entero, la incalificable injusticia cruelmente perpetrada contra esos presos pol&#237;ticos y, a trav&#233;s de lo que ellos representan, contra todo el Pueblo Saharaui desde hace 50 a&#241;os. Son encarcelados por el mero hecho de reclamar la libertad de su pueblo y el ejercicio de su leg&#237;timo derecho a la autodeterminaci&#243;n, proclamado por la Resoluci&#243;n 1514 (XV) de las Naciones Unidas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Son sometidos a toda clase de vejaciones y torturas para arrancarles confesiones inculpatorias, procesarlos en juicios-farsa, y condenarlos a largas penas de prisi&#243;n, a una muerte lenta, en territorio marroqu&#237;, a m&#225;s de 1.000 Km de sus familias, sometidos a aislamiento y a constantes malos tratos y castigos, en unas condiciones carcelarias inhumanas, fuente de toda clase de dolencias y enfermedades, cuyo tratamiento m&#233;dico las autoridades carcelarias marroqu&#237;es se niegan a permitir, siendo tambi&#233;n arbitrariamente privados de comunicaci&#243;n telef&#243;nica, de facilidades para estudiar, de visitas de familiares, absolutamente desprotegidos por la prohibici&#243;n de abogados y observadores, etc&#233;tera, etc&#233;tera, etc&#233;tera.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Su &#250;nica herramienta para denunciar esa situaci&#243;n e intentar hacerla visible al mundo es la huelga de hambre, unas huelgas terribles que deterioran a&#250;n m&#225;s, y peligrosamente, la propia salud de los presos, produci&#233;ndoles a veces enfermedades irreversibles que les acercan m&#225;s r&#225;pidamente a la muerte. A veces, las autoridades carcelarias consiguen romper esas huelgas con enga&#241;os y promesas que luego no cumplir&#225;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Los <em>Procedimientos Especiales </em>de Naciones Unidas responden siempre positivamente a las denuncias de tortura y de detenci&#243;n arbitraria de estos presos. Piden su liberaci&#243;n y la debida reparaci&#243;n por el sufrimiento y los perjuicios causados. Pero Marruecos ignora sistem&#225;ticamente los dict&#225;menes de esas instancias de Naciones Unidas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Conocemos la existencia de los actuales 31 presos pol&#237;ticos saharauis. 19 de ellos pertenecen al numeroso &#8220;Grupo de Gdeim Izik&#8221; -el inmenso campamento de protesta que se mantuvo en pie durante un mes frente a Marruecos-, que acumula 8 cadenas perpetuas, de las 9 impuestas por Marruecos a los saharauis. Pero hay m&#225;s de 31. Muchos no reclaman, no denuncian, no quieren que se hable de ellos por temor a las represalias, contra ellos mismos y tambi&#233;n contra sus familiares, miserablemente. Y por eso, cumplen silenciosamente sus condenas. Hay que recordar, en este contexto de brutalidad, a la &#250;ltima v&#237;ctima mortal en cautiverio, Omar Bahia Abdelmajid, que fue detenido un domingo de noviembre de 2024 en una manifestaci&#243;n y el mi&#233;rcoles acab&#243; muerto en comisar&#237;a. Los datos de la autopsia no fueron revelados, haciendo gala, una vez m&#225;s, del oscurantismo y de la impunidad propios del ocupante marroqu&#237;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La posici&#243;n del Gobierno espa&#241;ol en relaci&#243;n con diversas causas es err&#225;tica: a veces, es cr&#237;tica con el genocidio israel&#237; del Pueblo Palestino, pero en realidad es c&#243;mplice de Israel en much&#237;simos casos. En cambio, no ofrece duda alguna en el caso del Pueblo Saharaui: nuestro Gobierno es inequ&#237;vocamente aliado de Marruecos en la ocupaci&#243;n del S&#225;hara Occidental y, por consiguiente, c&#243;mplice de los desmanes marroqu&#237;es. Y muestra una clamorosa pasividad ante el maltrato y la terrible situaci&#243;n de los presos pol&#237;ticos saharauis</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Espa&#241;a -el Gobierno espa&#241;ol- se pliega ante Marruecos. Como cuando entreg&#243; forzosamente a Marruecos a Hussein Bachir Amadour, miembro del grupo &#8220;<em>Compa&#241;eros de El Uali</em>&#8221;, que estaba solicitando asilo pol&#237;tico en Espa&#241;a porque ya hab&#237;a 15 miembros de su grupo en la c&#225;rcel, y que ahora cumple 12 a&#241;os de prisi&#243;n en Marruecos. O como cuando no emite ni una triste nota de queja frente a las numerosas expulsiones de observadores, a los cuales Marruecos no permite acceder a los territorios ocupados. O como viene haciendo desde 2012, siendo el primero en apoyar a Marruecos frente a las denuncias del Frente Polisario por los ilegales Acuerdos UE-Marruecos que expolian los recursos naturales de los territorios saharauis ocupados. O como cuando el presidente del Gobierno, Pedro S&#225;nchez Castej&#243;n, apoy&#243; en 2022, y mantiene hoy en d&#237;a, la tesis de la presunta autonom&#237;a para el S&#225;hara Occidental, que, de hecho, supondr&#237;a una anexi&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La ocupaci&#243;n de un territorio, en general, y de la mayor parte del territorio saharaui, en particular, genera mucho sufrimiento y toda clase de injusticias. Es la negaci&#243;n del ser humano como tal y conlleva las peores vulneraciones de derechos. Los habitantes originarios -los saharauis- son un estorbo para que el ocupante marroqu&#237; pueda ocupar el espacio y saquear a placer los recursos naturales ajenos. Por eso, los territorios ocupados del S&#225;hara Occidental son una c&#225;rcel a cielo abierto, sin derechos; y los saharauis, v&#237;ctimas de los mayores atropellos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ante los ataques criminales que actualmente se est&#225;n perpetrando en el mundo, la ocupaci&#243;n del S&#225;hara Occidental por Marruecos es el contexto que m&#225;s implica -y que m&#225;s debiera involucrar- a Espa&#241;a, porque Espa&#241;a fue durante casi un siglo la metr&#243;poli colonial, y actualmente sigue siendo la potencia administradora del Sahara Occidental. Espa&#241;a no descoloniz&#243;, sino que eludi&#243; vergonzosamente cumplir sus obligaciones internacionales, y vendi&#243; ilegalmente a la poblaci&#243;n saharaui que deb&#237;a proteger. Y su responsabilidad de velar por los saharauis -incluidos los presos pol&#237;ticos- no se extinguir&#225; en tanto no se lleve a cabo el refer&#233;ndum de autodeterminaci&#243;n y los saharauis puedan elegir libremente su futuro.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, Jos&#233; Manuel Albares, elude el problema, un problema, &#233;ste, que le incumbe antes que cualquier otro. No busca soluciones. Desoye el clamor del Pueblo Saharaui. No mueve un solo dedo para atender las reclamaciones que venimos dirigi&#233;ndole todos los lunes a las puertas de su Ministerio, en la madrile&#241;a Plaza de la Provincia. No utiliza el poder y las herramientas de la diplomacia para liberar a estos presos ni para suavizar sus injustas condiciones de cautiverio. S&#237; lo hace, en cambio, en el caso de otros pa&#237;ses con los que no tiene las responsabilidades y obligaciones que le incumben como potencia legalmente administradora del S&#225;hara Occidental.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Por eso, seguiremos aqu&#237; todos los lunes y todo el tiempo que haga falta, denunciando a Marruecos y al Gobierno espa&#241;ol, y EXIGIENDO LA LIBERACI&#211;N DE TODOS LOS PRESOS POL&#205;TICOS SAHARAUIS.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Necesitamos vuestro apoyo y vuestras ideas e iniciativas, como tambi&#233;n una difusi&#243;n permanente para romper la barrera de silencio y de impunidad.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El Pueblo Saharaui, y en particular los Presos Pol&#237;ticos y sus familias, os necesitan y os lo agradecen infinitamente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#161;VIVA LA LUCHA DEL PUEBLO SAHARAUI!</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#161;VIVA EL SAHARA LIBRE!</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#161;VIVAN LOS PRESOS POL&#205;TICOS SAHARAUIS!</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[FR->AR ES EN Sardine Sardina السردين ]]></title><description><![CDATA[N&#233;ocolonialisme halieutique Neocolonialismo pesquero Fishery neocolonialism &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1583;&#1610;&#1583; &#1604;&#1604;&#1605;&#1608;&#1575;&#1585;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1605;&#1603;&#1610;&#1577;]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-ar-es-en-sardine-sardina</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-ar-es-en-sardine-sardina</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 18:30:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y9bH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffae9c34b-ced2-4bed-878a-1dc7627ef781_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y9bH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffae9c34b-ced2-4bed-878a-1dc7627ef781_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y9bH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffae9c34b-ced2-4bed-878a-1dc7627ef781_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y9bH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffae9c34b-ced2-4bed-878a-1dc7627ef781_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y9bH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffae9c34b-ced2-4bed-878a-1dc7627ef781_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y9bH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffae9c34b-ced2-4bed-878a-1dc7627ef781_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y9bH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffae9c34b-ced2-4bed-878a-1dc7627ef781_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/la-sardine-ou-langle-mort-du.html">La sardine, ou l&#8217;angle mort du n&#233;ocolonialisme halieutique au Maroc et au Sahara occidental</a><br></strong><em><strong>Le Maroc fournit la mer, le Sahara occidental fournit la ressource, l&#8217;Europe capte la valeur &#8212; et le droit international reste &#224; quai</strong></em></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/blog-post_29.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1585;&#1583;&#1610;&#1606;&#1548; &#1571;&#1608; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1602;&#1591;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1605;&#1610;&#1575;&#1569; &#1604;&#1604;&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1583;&#1610;&#1583; &#1604;&#1604;&#1579;&#1585;&#1608;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1605;&#1603;&#1610;&#1577; &#1601;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a></strong></h3><h3><em><strong>&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; &#1610;&#1608;&#1601;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1576;&#1581;&#1585;&#1548; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1578;&#1608;&#1601;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1608;&#1585;&#1583;&#1548; &#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1575; &#1578;&#1581;&#1578;&#1603;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1610;&#1605;&#1577; &#8212; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1583;&#1608;&#1604;&#1610; &#1610;&#1576;&#1602;&#1609; &#1585;&#1575;&#1587;&#1610;&#1575;&#1611; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1589;&#1610;&#1601;</strong></em></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/la-sardina-o-el-punto-ciego-del.html">La sardina, o el punto ciego del neocolonialismo pesquero en Marruecos y el S&#225;hara Occidental</a><br></strong><em><strong>Marruecos proporciona el mar, el S&#225;hara Occidental proporciona el recurso, Europa capta el valor &#8212; y el derecho internacional se queda en el muelle</strong></em></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/the-sardine-or-blind-spot-of-fishery.html">The Sardine, or the Blind Spot of Fishery Neocolonialism in Morocco and Western Sahara</a></strong></h3><h3><em><strong>Morocco provides the sea, Western Sahara provides the resource, Europe captures the value &#8212; and international law remains dockside</strong></em></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Privatisation rampante : le réseau scolaire français au Maroc devient inabordable pour les classes moyennes]]></title><description><![CDATA[SOLIDMAR, 26/1/2026]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/privatisation-rampante-le-reseau</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/privatisation-rampante-le-reseau</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 17:50:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWFz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F488cc12b-1ab9-40c1-b4f8-a129e556ca04_426x639.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>SOLIDMAR, 26/1/2026</strong></em></p><p>[1&#8364; = 10, 75 MAD - 1000 MAD = 93&#8364;]</p><p><em>Le r&#233;seau scolaire fran&#231;ais au Maroc est &#224; un tournant. Pour faire face au <strong>retrait des subsides de l&#8217;&#201;tat fran&#231;ais</strong>, il impose aux familles des <strong>hausses de scolarit&#233; de 10 &#224; 15%</strong> et de <strong>nouveaux droits d&#8217;inscription annuels (5 000 &#224; 12 000 MAD)</strong>. Cette transition financi&#232;re, douloureuse, transforme fondamentalement la relation avec les parents, passant d&#8217;un mod&#232;le de service public partiellement subventionn&#233; &#224; un mod&#232;le proche d&#8217;une <strong>offre premium priv&#233;e</strong>, avec les risques d&#8217;exclusion sociale et les tensions que cela engendre.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWFz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F488cc12b-1ab9-40c1-b4f8-a129e556ca04_426x639.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWFz!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F488cc12b-1ab9-40c1-b4f8-a129e556ca04_426x639.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWFz!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F488cc12b-1ab9-40c1-b4f8-a129e556ca04_426x639.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWFz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F488cc12b-1ab9-40c1-b4f8-a129e556ca04_426x639.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWFz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F488cc12b-1ab9-40c1-b4f8-a129e556ca04_426x639.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWFz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F488cc12b-1ab9-40c1-b4f8-a129e556ca04_426x639.png" width="426" height="639" 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le Maroc abrite le <strong>premier r&#233;seau scolaire fran&#231;ais au monde</strong>, avec <strong>38 &#233;tablissements</strong> sous tutelle de l&#8217;Agence pour l&#8217;enseignement fran&#231;ais &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger (AEFE), r&#233;partis dans 12 villes du royaume. Ces &#233;tablissements (comme le Lyc&#233;e Lyautey &#224; Casablanca ou le Lyc&#233;e Descartes &#224; Rabat) scolarisent environ <strong>37 000 &#233;l&#232;ves</strong>, dont une tr&#232;s large majorit&#233; (plus de 70%) sont <strong>marocains</strong>. Ils sont r&#233;put&#233;s pour leur excellence et leur bilinguisme, offrant les programmes de l&#8217;&#201;ducation nationale fran&#231;aise, souvent en partenariat avec l&#8217;&#201;tat marocain.</p><h3><strong>Le d&#233;sengagement financier de l&#8217;&#201;tat fran&#231;ais</strong></h3><p>Historiquement, l&#8217;AEFE accordait des <strong>subventions de fonctionnement importantes</strong> &#224; ces &#233;tablissements et r&#233;mun&#233;rait les enseignants titulaires d&#233;tach&#233;s. Depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es, une politique de rationalisation budg&#233;taire est &#224; l&#8217;&#339;uvre :</p><ul><li><p><strong>R&#233;duction des subventions</strong> par &#233;l&#232;ve.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Diminution du nombre de postes d&#8217;enseignants d&#233;tach&#233;s</strong>, remplac&#233;s par des enseignants r&#233;sidents recrut&#233;s localement (moins co&#251;teux pour le budget fran&#231;ais).</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Transfert progressif de la charge financi&#232;re</strong> vers les familles, pour viser &#224; terme un &#233;quilibre budg&#233;taire sans aide directe de l&#8217;&#201;tat fran&#231;ais pour le fonctionnement.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Impact financier</strong> : Pour une famille avec deux enfants dans le secondaire, la facture annuelle peut d&#233;sormais d&#233;passer les 150 000 &#224; 200 000 MAD, soit une charge extr&#234;mement lourde, m&#234;me pour les foyers ais&#233;s.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Protestations et inqui&#233;tudes</strong> : Des associations de parents d&#233;noncent une &#171; privatisation &#187; rampante du r&#233;seau et une rupture du &#171; pacte &#187; historique. Elles craignent une &#233;viction des classes moyennes et une transformation des &#233;tablissements en &#233;coles d&#8217;&#233;lite essentiellement accessibles aux plus riches.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Questions sur le mod&#232;le</strong> : cette situation interroge le mod&#232;le de &#171; service public &#187; fran&#231;ais &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger. L&#8217;administration et la direction des &#233;tablissements doivent justifier ces hausses par la n&#233;cessit&#233; de maintenir la qualit&#233; p&#233;dagogique, la s&#233;curit&#233; des b&#226;timents et les standards internationaux, tout en r&#233;pondant aux exigences croissantes des familles.</p></li></ul><h3><strong>La nouvelle orientation tarifaire : hausses et nouveaux frais</strong></h3><p>Pour compenser ce d&#233;sengagement, les &#233;tablissements ont engag&#233; une profonde r&#233;vision de leur mod&#232;le &#233;conomique. Les mesures annonc&#233;es pour 2024/2025 sont marqu&#233;es par :</p><blockquote><p>1. <strong>Des hausses de frais de scolarit&#233; in&#233;dites</strong> :</p><p>o Les augmentations annuelles &#233;taient traditionnellement de l&#8217;ordre de 3 &#224; 5%. Pour cette rentr&#233;e, les hausses atteignent <strong>10 &#224; 15%</strong> dans de nombreux &#233;tablissements, un niveau jamais vu.</p><p>o <strong>Exemples de fourchettes annuelles (hors droits d&#8217;inscription)</strong> :</p><p>&#167; <strong>Maternelle</strong> : De ~25 000 &#224; ~40 000 MAD/an (dirhams marocains).</p><p>&#167; <strong>Primaire</strong> : De ~30 000 &#224; ~50 000 MAD/an.</p><p>&#167; <strong>Coll&#232;ge</strong> : De ~40 000 &#224; ~70 000 MAD/an.</p><p>&#167; <strong>Lyc&#233;e</strong> : De ~50 000 &#224; ~85 000 MAD/an.</p><p><em>(Les montants varient selon l&#8217;&#233;tablissement et le niveau)</em>.</p><p>2. <strong>L&#8217;instauration de droits d&#8217;inscription annuels</strong> :</p><p>o C&#8217;est la grande nouveaut&#233;. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un frais fixe annuel, distinct des frais de scolarit&#233;, destin&#233; &#224; couvrir les charges administratives, l&#8217;entretien des infrastructures et une partie des investissements.</p><p>o Ces droits sont g&#233;n&#233;ralement non remboursables et s&#8217;&#233;l&#232;vent, selon les &#233;tablissements, &#224; entre 5 000 et 12 000 MAD par an et par enfant.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Red&#233;finition des relations avec les familles</strong></h3><p>Cette nouvelle politique cr&#233;e une tension significative :</p><ul><li><p><strong>Impact financier</strong> : Pour une famille avec deux enfants dans le secondaire, la facture annuelle peut d&#233;sormais d&#233;passer les 150 000 &#224; 200 000 MAD, soit une charge extr&#234;mement lourde, m&#234;me pour les foyers ais&#233;s.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Protestations et inqui&#233;tudes</strong> : Des associations de parents d&#233;noncent une &#171; privatisation &#187; rampante du r&#233;seau et une rupture du &#171; pacte &#187; historique. Ils craignent une &#233;viction des classes moyennes et une transformation des &#233;tablissements en &#233;coles d&#8217;&#233;lite essentiellement accessibles aux plus riches.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Questions sur le mod&#232;le</strong> : La situation interroge le mod&#232;le de &#171; service public &#187; fran&#231;ais &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger. L&#8217;administration et la direction des &#233;tablissements doivent justifier ces hausses par la n&#233;cessit&#233; de maintenir la qualit&#233; p&#233;dagogique, la s&#233;curit&#233; des b&#226;timents et les standards internationaux, tout en r&#233;pondant aux exigences croissantes des familles.</p></li></ul><h3><strong>Deux exemples</strong></h3><ul><li><p>Au lyc&#233;e Guy de Maupassant de Casablanca, le bras de fer est engag&#233; entre le groupe IEG et l&#8217;association de parents APEMA. Les familles d&#233;noncent la rupture d&#8217;un accord de 2018 qui plafonnait les augmentations &#224; 10 % sur trois ans. En passant &#224; un syst&#232;me de hausses annuelles sans concertation, l&#8217;&#233;tablissement est accus&#233; de privil&#233;gier une logique comptable au d&#233;triment de la stabilit&#233; financi&#232;re des foyers. La direction justifie ces ajustements par des besoins d&#8217;investissement, mais le manque de visibilit&#233; sur les tarifs futurs alimente la col&#232;re des parents.</p></li><li><p>Dans les &#233;tablissements en gestion directe, les frais de scolarit&#233; couvrent d&#233;sormais les retraites des enseignants expatri&#233;s sans que ces fonds ne soient r&#233;investis localement. &#192; Rabat, le projet de reconstruction du coll&#232;ge Saint-Exup&#233;ry illustre ces tensions : le budget a tripl&#233; en dix ans pour atteindre 18 millions d&#8217;euros, une somme financ&#233;e en grande partie par les parents. En attendant le d&#233;marrage des travaux, les &#233;l&#232;ves restent scolaris&#233;s dans des locaux provisoires jug&#233;s inadapt&#233;s, tandis que les sommes collect&#233;es sont revers&#233;es au Tr&#233;sor fran&#231;ais...</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxlr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc066bc42-405e-49ea-897a-4316aca34d48_640x400.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxlr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc066bc42-405e-49ea-897a-4316aca34d48_640x400.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxlr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc066bc42-405e-49ea-897a-4316aca34d48_640x400.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxlr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc066bc42-405e-49ea-897a-4316aca34d48_640x400.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxlr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc066bc42-405e-49ea-897a-4316aca34d48_640x400.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxlr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc066bc42-405e-49ea-897a-4316aca34d48_640x400.jpeg" width="640" height="400" 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[FR->EN ES AR Hydrogène vert Green hydrogen Hidrógeno verde الهيدروجين الأخضر]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hydrog&#232;ne vert : quand la &#8220;transition &#233;nerg&#233;tique&#8221; du Maroc s&#8217;&#233;tend au Sahara occidental occup&#233;]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-en-es-ar-hydrogene-vert-green</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-en-es-ar-hydrogene-vert-green</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 24 Jan 2026 14:34:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!66WY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07b3f1c-c09d-43fb-baed-35570a724459_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!66WY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07b3f1c-c09d-43fb-baed-35570a724459_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!66WY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07b3f1c-c09d-43fb-baed-35570a724459_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!66WY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07b3f1c-c09d-43fb-baed-35570a724459_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!66WY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07b3f1c-c09d-43fb-baed-35570a724459_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!66WY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07b3f1c-c09d-43fb-baed-35570a724459_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!66WY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07b3f1c-c09d-43fb-baed-35570a724459_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/hydrogene-vert-quand-la-transition.html">Hydrog&#232;ne vert : quand la &#8220;transition &#233;nerg&#233;tique&#8221; du Maroc s&#8217;&#233;tend au Sahara occidental occup&#233;</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/green-hydrogen-when-moroccos-energy.html">Green hydrogen: when Morocco&#8217;s &#8220;energy transition&#8221; expands into the occupied Western Sahara</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/hidrogeno-verde-cuando-la-transicion.html">Hidr&#243;geno verde: cuando la &#8220;transici&#243;n energ&#233;tica&#8221; de Marruecos se extiende al S&#225;hara Occidental ocupado</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/blog-post_24.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1607;&#1610;&#1583;&#1585;&#1608;&#1580;&#1610;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1582;&#1590;&#1585;: &#1581;&#1610;&#1606; &#1578;&#1605;&#1578;&#1583; &#171;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1606;&#1578;&#1602;&#1575;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1591;&#1575;&#1602;&#1610;&#187; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610; &#1573;&#1604;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1581;&#1578;&#1604;&#1577;</a></strong></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[FR->ES EN AR Contre-insurrection Contrainsurgencia Counterinsurgency مكافحة التمرد]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ayman El Hakim, 23/1/2026 &#1571;&#1610;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1581;&#1603;&#1610;&#1605;]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-es-en-ar-contre-insurrection-contrainsurgenci</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-es-en-ar-contre-insurrection-contrainsurgenci</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 18:25:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9S1D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1b306ab7-ceac-4019-a3da-d8dfa0598cf8_1024x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9S1D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1b306ab7-ceac-4019-a3da-d8dfa0598cf8_1024x1536.png" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><em><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/search/label/Ayman%20El%20Hakim">Ayman El Hakim</a>, 23/1/2026 <a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/search/label/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85">&#1571;&#1610;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1581;&#1603;&#1610;&#1605;</a></strong></em></h4><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/de-la-guerre-des-gaules-la-conquete-des.html">De la guerre des Gaules &#224; la conqu&#234;te des Am&#233;riques et au g&#233;nocide de Gaza : la contre-insurrection pour mater les peuples indociles</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/de-la-guerra-de-las-galias-la-conquista.html">De la guerra de las Galias a la conquista de las Am&#233;ricas y al genocidio en Gaza: la contrainsurgencia para sofocar a los pueblos ind&#243;ciles</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/from-gallic-wars-to-conquest-of.html">From the Gallic Wars to the Conquest of the Americas and the Genocide in Gaza: Counterinsurgency as a Tool to Subdue Unruly Peoples</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/blog-post_23.html">&#1605;&#1606; &#1581;&#1585;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1575;&#1604; &#1573;&#1604;&#1609; &#1594;&#1586;&#1608; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1605;&#1610;&#1585;&#1603;&#1610;&#1578;&#1610;&#1606; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1573;&#1576;&#1575;&#1583;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1605;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610;&#1577; &#1601;&#1610; &#1594;&#1586;&#1577; : &#1605;&#1603;&#1575;&#1601;&#1581;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1605;&#1585;&#1617;&#1583; &#1604;&#1573;&#1582;&#1590;&#1575;&#1593; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1593;&#1608;&#1576; &#1594;&#1610;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1606;&#1602;&#1575;&#1583;&#1577;</a></strong></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[FR->AR ES EN Mohammed VI au Conseil de Paix trumpesque/a la Junta de Paz trumpista/ The King of Morocco Joins the Trumpesque Board of Peace ملك المغرب ينضم إلى مجلس السلام الترمبي]]></title><description><![CDATA[Le Roi du Maroc adh&#232;re au Conseil de Paix trumpesque]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-ar-es-en-mohammed-vi-au-conseil</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-ar-es-en-mohammed-vi-au-conseil</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 22:08:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_50P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac255aec-d712-44c9-a57e-bec4ff2d386f_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_50P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac255aec-d712-44c9-a57e-bec4ff2d386f_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_50P!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac255aec-d712-44c9-a57e-bec4ff2d386f_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_50P!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac255aec-d712-44c9-a57e-bec4ff2d386f_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_50P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac255aec-d712-44c9-a57e-bec4ff2d386f_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_50P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac255aec-d712-44c9-a57e-bec4ff2d386f_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_50P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac255aec-d712-44c9-a57e-bec4ff2d386f_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/le-roi-du-maroc-adhere-au-conseil-de.html">Le Roi du Maroc adh&#232;re au Conseil de Paix trumpesque</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/the-king-of-morocco-joins-trumpesque.html">The King of Morocco Joins the Trumpesque Board of Peace</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/el-rey-de-marruecos-se-une-a-la-junta-de.html">El Rey de Marruecos se une a la Junta de Paz trumpista</a></strong></h3><h3><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/blog-post_20.html">&#1605;&#1604;&#1603; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; &#1610;&#1606;&#1590;&#1605; &#1573;&#1604;&#1609; &#1605;&#1580;&#1604;&#1587; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1604;&#1575;&#1605; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1585;&#1605;&#1576;&#1610;</a></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[FR->AR ES CAN 2025: Makhzen-Maroc (1-0) المخزن–المغرب (1–0) في كأ ن2025 Majzén-Marruecos (1-0)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Makhzen-Maroc (1-0)]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-ar-es-can-2025-makhzen-maroc-1</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-ar-es-can-2025-makhzen-maroc-1</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 19 Jan 2026 13:58:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!87DM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26b2148f-7540-4d16-be09-d178aa8bc505_1024x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!87DM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26b2148f-7540-4d16-be09-d178aa8bc505_1024x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!87DM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26b2148f-7540-4d16-be09-d178aa8bc505_1024x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!87DM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26b2148f-7540-4d16-be09-d178aa8bc505_1024x1536.png 848w, 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stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/makhzen-maroc-1-0-can-2025-un.html">Makhzen-Maroc (1-0)<br>CAN 2025 : un instrument de </a></strong><em><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/makhzen-maroc-1-0-can-2025-un.html">soft power</a></strong></em></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/majzenmarruecos-1-0-can-2025-un.html">Majz&#233;n&#8211;Marruecos (1-0)<br>CAN 2025: un instrumento de </a></strong><em><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/majzenmarruecos-1-0-can-2025-un.html">soft power</a></strong></em></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/01-2025.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1582;&#1586;&#1606;&#8211;&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; (1&#8211;0)<br>&#1603;&#1571; &#1606; 2025 : &#1571;&#1583;&#1575;&#1577; &#1605;&#1606; &#1571;&#1583;&#1608;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1608;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1575;&#1593;&#1605;&#1577;</a></strong></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Der West-Sahara-Konflikt in weniger als 3000 Wörtern, ein Comic von Mauro Entrialgo]]></title><description><![CDATA[PDF herunterladen]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/der-west-sahara-konflikt-in-weniger</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/der-west-sahara-konflikt-in-weniger</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 2026 13:11:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukuq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43c0a43c-1f3d-4027-9111-1df25bdb6324_446x640.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukuq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43c0a43c-1f3d-4027-9111-1df25bdb6324_446x640.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ukuq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43c0a43c-1f3d-4027-9111-1df25bdb6324_446x640.png 424w, 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>                                             <a href="https://drive.proton.me/urls/KRQS9P20TW#rz8QKOtzgQCT">PDF herunterladen</a></h4>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The conflict in Western Sahara in less than 3,000 words, a comic by Mauro Entrialgo]]></title><description><![CDATA[Download PDF]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/the-conflict-in-western-sahara-in</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/the-conflict-in-western-sahara-in</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 2026 13:09:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5iWc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22e7d0c8-4637-4dcc-9716-c0917a7a7f7b_458x639.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5iWc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22e7d0c8-4637-4dcc-9716-c0917a7a7f7b_458x639.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5iWc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22e7d0c8-4637-4dcc-9716-c0917a7a7f7b_458x639.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5iWc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22e7d0c8-4637-4dcc-9716-c0917a7a7f7b_458x639.png 848w, 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>                                           <a href="https://drive.proton.me/urls/522QVJENR0#VBWAMYIInm8m">        Download PDF</a></h4>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le conflit du Sahara en moins de 3000 mots, une BD de Mauro Entrialgo]]></title><description><![CDATA[T&#233;l&#233;charger PDF]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/le-conflit-du-sahara-en-moins-de</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/le-conflit-du-sahara-en-moins-de</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 2026 13:04:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqB6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc8e3800-581a-4110-bbbf-cd68b383ba6c_409x575.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqB6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc8e3800-581a-4110-bbbf-cd68b383ba6c_409x575.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqB6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc8e3800-581a-4110-bbbf-cd68b383ba6c_409x575.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqB6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc8e3800-581a-4110-bbbf-cd68b383ba6c_409x575.png 848w, 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>                                             <a href="https://drive.proton.me/urls/JSC9DHS0GG#3HOhCN72wSRm">T&#233;l&#233;charger PDF</a></h4>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El conflicto del Sáhara en menos de 3.000 palabras, un tebeo de Maurio Entrialgo]]></title><description><![CDATA[Descargar PDF]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/el-conflicto-del-sahara-en-menos</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/el-conflicto-del-sahara-en-menos</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 2026 13:02:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png" width="458" height="640" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ld1_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e512f4d-613a-4492-bd86-0acbcd7f66eb_458x640.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>                                       <a href="https://drive.proton.me/urls/XGN19J4JXW#FSjyWDVuoiPd">Descargar PDF</a></strong></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[كولنا خوة Tous frères Todos hermanos]]></title><description><![CDATA[CAN 25]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/tous-freres-todos-hermanos</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/tous-freres-todos-hermanos</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 11 Jan 2026 12:36:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ndb3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F835f566b-8ddb-48ae-bce7-70b8b17d4905_720x480.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/835f566b-8ddb-48ae-bce7-70b8b17d4905_720x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:720,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:42270,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://faustotounsi.substack.com/i/184202261?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F835f566b-8ddb-48ae-bce7-70b8b17d4905_720x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ndb3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F835f566b-8ddb-48ae-bce7-70b8b17d4905_720x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ndb3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F835f566b-8ddb-48ae-bce7-70b8b17d4905_720x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ndb3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F835f566b-8ddb-48ae-bce7-70b8b17d4905_720x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ndb3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F835f566b-8ddb-48ae-bce7-70b8b17d4905_720x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>Salma Semmar &#1587;&#1604;&#1605;&#1609; &#1587;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;, <a href="https://actu-maroc.com/can-2025-quand-les-tribunes-marocaines-applaudissent-lalgerie/">actumaroc</a>, 10/1/2026</strong></em></p><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/can-2025-quand-les-tribunes-marocaines.html">CAN 2025 : quand les tribunes marocaines applaudissent l&#8217;Alg&#233;rie</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/can-2025-cuando-las-hinchas-marroquies.html">CAN 2025: cuando las hinchas marroqu&#237;es aplauden a Argelia</a></strong></h3><h2><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/2025.html"> &#1603;&#1575;&#1606; 2025 : &#1604;&#1605;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1583;&#1585;&#1580;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1578;&#1618;&#1589;&#1614;&#1601;&#1617;&#1602; &#1604;&#1604;&#1580;&#1586;&#1575;&#1574;&#1585;</a></strong></h2>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[المغرب: دولة تحت تأثير المهدئات؟]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#1589;&#1575;&#1576;&#1585;&#1610;&#1606;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1601;&#1610;&#1586;]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/0fd</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/0fd</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Jan 2026 10:46:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3><em><strong>&#1601;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1608;&#1575;&#1585;&#1593;&#1548; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1606;&#1575;&#1586;&#1604;&#1548; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1583;&#1575;&#1585;&#1587;&#1548; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1603;&#1575;&#1578;&#1576;... &#1605;&#1606;&#1584; &#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1575;&#1574;&#1581;&#1577;&#1548; &#1578;&#1578;&#1586;&#1575;&#1610;&#1583; &#1605;&#1590;&#1575;&#1583;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1603;&#1578;&#1574;&#1575;&#1576; &#1576;&#1605;&#1593;&#1583;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578; &#1579;&#1606;&#1575;&#1574;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1585;&#1602;&#1575;&#1605;&#1548; &#1608;&#1578;&#1581;&#1608;&#1604;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1607;&#1583;&#1574;&#1575;&#1578; (&#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606;&#1610;&#1577; &#1608;&#1594;&#1610;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606;&#1610;&#1577;) &#1573;&#1604;&#1609; &#8220;&#1581;&#1604;&#1608;&#1604; 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&#1608;&#1576;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1573;&#1585;&#1607;&#1575;&#1602; &#1575;&#1604;&#1608;&#1591;&#1606;&#1610;</strong></em></h3><p><em><strong><a href="https://www.lebrief.ma/author/sabrina-el-faiz">&#1589;&#1575;&#1576;&#1585;&#1610;&#1606;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1601;&#1610;&#1586;</a></strong></em> - <em><strong><a href="https://www.lebrief.ma/maroc-pays-sous-anxiolytique-100133935/">lebrief.ma</a>&#1548; 13 &#1583;&#1610;&#1587;&#1605;&#1576;&#1585; 2025</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>&#1578;&#1585;&#1580;&#1605;&#1607; <a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/">SOLIDMAR</a></strong></em></p><p><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2025/12/marruecos-un-pais-bajo-ansioliticos.html">Versi&#243;n espa&#241;ola</a> - <a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2025/12/maroc-pays-sous-anxiolytiques.html">Original en fran&#231;ais</a></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png" width="639" height="426" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:426,&quot;width&quot;:639,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XGRy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f1ecfd1-ad0b-498f-b997-05aa75d6e1c1_639x426.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1><strong>                         <a href="https://drive.proton.me/urls/BR0NS6SCYG#FEtHACzebu21">&#1578;&#1606;&#1586;&#1610;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1587;&#1578;&#1606;&#1583;</a></strong></h1><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[FR->EN ES AR Project Legacy Morocco بروجكت ليغاسي موروكو]]></title><description><![CDATA[US Soft Power and the Makhzen]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-en-es-ar-project-legacy-morocco</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fr-en-es-ar-project-legacy-morocco</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:55:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3150829,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://faustotounsi.substack.com/i/184040457?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0f8k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322da34-107b-4442-97aa-8e8948732dc5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3></h3><h3><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/project-legacy-morocco-soft-power-et.html">&#171; Project Legacy Morocco &#187; : soft power et Makhzen</a></h3><h3><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/project-legacy-morocco-us-soft-power.html">&#8220;Project Legacy Morocco&#8221;: U.S. Soft Power and the Makhzen</a></h3><h3><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/project-legacy-morocco-poder-blando.html">&#8220;Project Legacy Morocco&#8221;: Poder blando yanqui y Majz&#233;n marroqu&#237;</a></h3><h3><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2026/01/blog-post_9.html">&#1576;&#1585;&#1608;&#1580;&#1603;&#1578; &#1604;&#1610;&#1594;&#1575;&#1587;&#1610; &#1605;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1603;&#1608;: &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1608;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1575;&#1593;&#1605;&#1577; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1582;&#1586;&#1606;</a></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fertilizantes: cuando la seguridad agrícola europea depende del saqueo del Sáhara Occidental]]></title><description><![CDATA[SOLIDMAR, 31-12-2025]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fertilizantes-cuando-la-seguridad</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/fertilizantes-cuando-la-seguridad</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 15:06:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2025/12/blog-post_31.html">SOLIDMAR</a>, 31-12-2025</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><em>Al convertirse en el primer proveedor de fertilizantes de la Uni&#243;n Europea, con el 19% de las importaciones, Marruecos es presentado ahora como un pilar de la seguridad agr&#237;cola del continente. Pero detr&#225;s de esta narrativa tecnocr&#225;tica se esconde una realidad pol&#237;tica brutal: una parte determinante de estos fertilizantes proviene del saqueo sistem&#225;tico de los recursos del S&#225;hara Occidental, territorio no aut&#243;nomo ocupado por Marruecos en violaci&#243;n del derecho internacional desde hace casi cincuenta a&#241;os.</em></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png" width="426" height="639" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:639,&quot;width&quot;:426,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJad!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f5834f8-624d-4813-ace3-4fb64089ee5e_426x639.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>Una dependencia europea construida sobre una ilegalidad asumida</strong></h4><p>La guerra en Ucrania sirvi&#243; de pretexto conveniente para una recomposici&#243;n acelerada de los suministros europeos. Al romper &#8212;parcialmente&#8212; su dependencia de los fertilizantes rusos y bielorrusos, la UE no rompi&#243; con la l&#243;gica de la depredaci&#243;n, la desplaz&#243; hacia un territorio colonizado, pol&#237;ticamente m&#225;s d&#233;bil y jur&#237;dicamente marginado.</p><p>Las instituciones europeas no pueden ignorar que los fosfatos explotados por la OCP, en particular en Bu Craa, se extraen sin el consentimiento del pueblo saharaui, &#250;nico titular leg&#237;timo de la soberan&#237;a sobre estos recursos. Esta ilegalidad no es ni ambigua ni controvertida: ha sido expl&#237;citamente reconocida por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Uni&#243;n Europea, cuyos fallos excluyen claramente al S&#225;hara Occidental de cualquier acuerdo UE-Marruecos.</p><p>Continuar importando estos fertilizantes equivale, por tanto, a institucionalizar la violaci&#243;n del derecho internacional en el coraz&#243;n mismo de las pol&#237;ticas agr&#237;colas europeas.</p><h4><strong>La OCP: brazo econ&#243;mico de una ocupaci&#243;n colonial</strong></h4><p>La Oficina Jerifiana de Fosfatos no es un simple actor industrial. Constituye uno de los principales instrumentos econ&#243;micos de la ocupaci&#243;n marroqu&#237; del S&#225;hara Occidental. Los ingresos derivados de los fosfatos financian la consolidaci&#243;n de la presencia marroqu&#237; en el territorio: infraestructuras, incentivos para la colonizaci&#243;n de asentamientos, dispositivos de control de seguridad.</p><p>Al apoyarse en la OCP para asegurar su agricultura, la Uni&#243;n Europea se convierte en copart&#237;cipe de un sistema de dominaci&#243;n colonial, transformando un insumo agr&#237;cola en un mecanismo de financiaci&#243;n indirecta de la ocupaci&#243;n.</p><p>La cadena de valor de los fertilizantes europeos est&#225; as&#237; contaminada en su origen por una explotaci&#243;n ilegal, que Bruselas elige tratar como un mero detalle log&#237;stico.</p><h4><strong>Una hipocres&#237;a estrat&#233;gica en el coraz&#243;n del discurso europeo</strong></h4><p>La UE se presenta como campeona del &#8220;orden internacional basado en el derecho&#8221;, de la protecci&#243;n de los pueblos y de la trazabilidad &#233;tica de las cadenas de suministro. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de fertilizar sus campos, acepta sin escr&#250;pulos que estos principios sean suspendidos a las puertas del S&#225;hara.</p><p>Esta contradicci&#243;n no es accidental: revela una jerarqu&#237;a impl&#237;cita de derechos, donde el derecho de los pueblos colonizados se vuelve negociable, tan pronto como entra en conflicto con los imperativos de competitividad agr&#237;cola y estabilidad de los precios alimentarios en Europa.</p><h4><strong>&#191;Seguridad alimentaria o seguridad colonial?</strong></h4><p>En realidad, la &#8220;seguridad agr&#237;cola&#8221; que la UE pretende reforzar se basa en una clara elecci&#243;n pol&#237;tica: garantizar la estabilidad de los mercados europeos a costa de perpetuar una injusticia colonial. La creciente dependencia de los fosfatos del S&#225;hara Occidental no asegura la agricultura europea; consolida un statu quo colonial, ofreciendo a Marruecos una renta estrat&#233;gica que refuerza su posici&#243;n diplom&#225;tica y militar.</p><p>Lejos de ser un socio neutral, Marruecos se convierte as&#237; en un actor clave de una arquitectura de suministro europea basada en la impunidad, donde el derecho internacional es invocado contra ciertos adversarios &#8212;Rusia, en particular&#8212; y deliberadamente ignorado cuando obstaculiza intereses considerados vitales.</p><h4><strong>Una l&#237;nea de fractura reveladora</strong></h4><p>El auge de Marruecos como primer proveedor de fertilizantes de la UE no es una historia de &#233;xito industrial. Es un revelador pol&#237;tico: el de una Europa dispuesta a sacrificar sus propios principios para preservar su confort material.</p><p>En este sentido, los fertilizantes &#8220;marroqu&#237;es&#8221; no solo fertilizan los suelos europeos; alimentan un sistema internacional de dos velocidades, donde la ocupaci&#243;n y el saqueo se vuelven aceptables mientras sirvan a la estabilidad de las potencias dominantes.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;39f9dc6f-d213-48bf-bfc0-b3eeab37f031&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;SOLIDMAR, 31/12/2025&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Engrais : quand la s&#233;curit&#233; agricole europ&#233;enne repose sur le pillage du Sahara occidental&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:293001113,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Fausto Giudice&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Author, Translator, publisher &#11050; 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&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1548; 31 &#1583;&#1610;&#1587;&#1605;&#1576;&#1585; 2025&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1587;&#1605;&#1583;&#1577;: &#1593;&#1606;&#1583;&#1605;&#1575; &#1610;&#1593;&#1578;&#1605;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1586;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1606;&#1607;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:293001113,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Fausto Giudice&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Author, Translator, publisher &#11050; Auteur, traducteur, &#233;diteur Bio FR https://t.ly/t1FcN Bio ES https://t.ly/nC8Gn Bio EN https://t.ly/89-5j&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1D0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba7d07e-e329-4bde-bcfb-1f410de9db57_200x200.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-12-31T15:02:03.197Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/29c&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Solidarit&#233; Maroc &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1590;&#1575;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:183060349,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:6570827,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Fausto Giudice&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[الأسمدة: عندما يعتمد الأمن الزراعي الأوروبي على نهب الصحراء الغربية]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1590;&#1575;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1548; 31 &#1583;&#1610;&#1587;&#1605;&#1576;&#1585; 2025]]></description><link>https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/29c</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/29c</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fausto Giudice]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 15:02:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><em><strong><a href="https://solidmar.blogspot.com/2025/12/blog-post_31.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1590;&#1575;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;</a>&#1548; 31 &#1583;&#1610;&#1587;&#1605;&#1576;&#1585; 2025</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>&#1576;&#1593;&#1583; &#1571;&#1606; &#1571;&#1589;&#1576;&#1581; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1608;&#1585;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1604; &#1604;&#1604;&#1571;&#1587;&#1605;&#1583;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;&#1548; &#1576;&#1606;&#1587;&#1576;&#1577; 19&#1642; &#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1608;&#1575;&#1585;&#1583;&#1575;&#1578;&#1548; &#1610;&#1578;&#1605; &#1578;&#1602;&#1583;&#1610;&#1605;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1570;&#1606; &#1603;&#1585;&#1603;&#1610;&#1586;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1571;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1586;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610; &#1604;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1585;&#1577;. &#1608;&#1604;&#1603;&#1606; &#1582;&#1604;&#1601; &#1607;&#1584;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1608;&#1575;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1603;&#1606;&#1608;&#1602;&#1585;&#1575;&#1591;&#1610;&#1577; &#1610;&#1582;&#1578;&#1576;&#1574; &#1608;&#1575;&#1602;&#1593; &#1587;&#1610;&#1575;&#1587;&#1610; &#1608;&#1581;&#1588;&#1610;: &#1580;&#1586;&#1569; &#1605;&#1581;&#1583;&#1583; &#1605;&#1606; &#1607;&#1584;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1587;&#1605;&#1583;&#1577; &#1610;&#1571;&#1578;&#1610; &#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1607;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1606;&#1607;&#1580;&#1610; &#1604;&#1605;&#1608;&#1575;&#1585;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;&#1548; &#1575;&#1604;&#1573;&#1602;&#1604;&#1610;&#1605; &#1594;&#1610;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1615;&#1578;&#1605;&#1578;&#1593; &#1576;&#1575;&#1604;&#1581;&#1603;&#1605; &#1575;&#1604;&#1584;&#1575;&#1578;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1584;&#1610; &#1578;&#1581;&#1578;&#1604;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; &#1575;&#1606;&#1578;&#1607;&#1575;&#1603;&#1611;&#1575; &#1604;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1583;&#1608;&#1604;&#1610; &#1605;&#1606;&#1584; &#1605;&#1575; &#1610;&#1602;&#1585;&#1576; &#1605;&#1606; &#1582;&#1605;&#1587;&#1610;&#1606; &#1593;&#1575;&#1605;&#1611;&#1575;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png" width="426" height="639" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:639,&quot;width&quot;:426,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HnOG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48e5ad-63e0-4b63-9f48-5e62bc27a207_426x639.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>&#1578;&#1576;&#1593;&#1610;&#1577; 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&#1604;&#1605; &#1610;&#1602;&#1591;&#1593; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610; &#1605;&#1593; &#1605;&#1606;&#1591;&#1602; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1601;&#1578;&#1585;&#1575;&#1587;&#1548; &#1576;&#1604; &#1606;&#1602;&#1604;&#1607; &#1573;&#1604;&#1609; &#1573;&#1602;&#1604;&#1610;&#1605; &#1605;&#1615;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1614;&#1585;&#1548; &#1571;&#1590;&#1593;&#1601; &#1587;&#1610;&#1575;&#1587;&#1610;&#1611;&#1575; &#1608;&#1571;&#1602;&#1604; &#1588;&#1571;&#1606;&#1611;&#1575; &#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606;&#1610;&#1611;&#1575;.</p><p>&#1604;&#1575; &#1610;&#1605;&#1603;&#1606; &#1604;&#1604;&#1605;&#1572;&#1587;&#1587;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1571;&#1606; &#1578;&#1578;&#1580;&#1575;&#1607;&#1604; &#1571;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1601;&#1608;&#1587;&#1601;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1584;&#1610; &#1610;&#1587;&#1578;&#1582;&#1585;&#1580;&#1607; <strong>&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1603;&#1578;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1585;&#1610;&#1601; &#1604;&#1604;&#1601;&#1608;&#1587;&#1601;&#1575;&#1591;</strong>&#1548; &#1604;&#1575; &#1587;&#1610;&#1605;&#1575; &#1601;&#1610; &#1576;&#1608;&#1603;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1548; &#1610;&#1615;&#1587;&#1578;&#1582;&#1585;&#1580; &#1583;&#1608;&#1606; &#1605;&#1608;&#1575;&#1601;&#1602;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1593;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1608;&#1610;&#1548; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1575;&#1604;&#1603; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1585;&#1593;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1608;&#1581;&#1610;&#1583; &#1604;&#1604;&#1587;&#1610;&#1575;&#1583;&#1577; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1607;&#1584;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1608;&#1575;&#1585;&#1583;. &#1607;&#1584;&#1607; &#1594;&#1610;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1585;&#1593;&#1610;&#1577; &#1604;&#1610;&#1587;&#1578; &#1594;&#1575;&#1605;&#1590;&#1577; &#1608;&#1604;&#1575; &#1605;&#1581;&#1604; &#1606;&#1586;&#1575;&#1593;: &#1601;&#1602;&#1583; &#1575;&#1593;&#1578;&#1585;&#1601; &#1576;&#1607;&#1575; &#1589;&#1585;&#1575;&#1581;&#1577;&#1611; &#1605;&#1581;&#1603;&#1605;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1583;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1575;&#1576;&#1593;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;&#1548; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1610; &#1578;&#1587;&#1578;&#1576;&#1593;&#1583; &#1571;&#1581;&#1603;&#1575;&#1605;&#1607;&#1575; &#1576;&#1608;&#1590;&#1608;&#1581; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1605;&#1606; &#1571;&#1610; &#1575;&#1578;&#1601;&#1575;&#1602; &#1576;&#1610;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;.</p><p>&#1604;&#1584;&#1575; &#1601;&#1573;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1605;&#1585;&#1575;&#1585; &#1601;&#1610; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1610;&#1585;&#1575;&#1583; &#1607;&#1584;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1587;&#1605;&#1583;&#1577; &#1610;&#1615;&#1593;&#1575;&#1583;&#1604; &#1578;&#1571;&#1576;&#1610;&#1583; &#1575;&#1606;&#1578;&#1607;&#1575;&#1603; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1583;&#1608;&#1604;&#1610; &#1601;&#1610; &#1589;&#1605;&#1610;&#1605; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1610;&#1575;&#1587;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1586;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;.</p><h4><strong>&#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1585;&#1603;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1601;&#1608;&#1587;&#1601;&#1575;&#1578;: &#1575;&#1604;&#1584;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1602;&#1578;&#1589;&#1575;&#1583;&#1610; &#1604;&#1575;&#1581;&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1604; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1610;</strong></h4><p>&#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1585;&#1603;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1601;&#1608;&#1587;&#1601;&#1575;&#1578; &#1604;&#1610;&#1587;&#1578; &#1605;&#1580;&#1585;&#1583; &#1601;&#1575;&#1593;&#1604; &#1589;&#1606;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610;. &#1601;&#1607;&#1610; &#1578;&#1588;&#1603;&#1604; &#1573;&#1581;&#1583;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1583;&#1608;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1602;&#1578;&#1589;&#1575;&#1583;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1574;&#1610;&#1587;&#1610;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1575;&#1581;&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610; &#1604;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;. &#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1575;&#1574;&#1583;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1575;&#1578;&#1580;&#1577; &#1593;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1601;&#1608;&#1587;&#1601;&#1575;&#1578; &#1578;&#1605;&#1608;&#1604; &#1578;&#1593;&#1586;&#1610;&#1586; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1608;&#1575;&#1580;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610; &#1601;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1573;&#1602;&#1604;&#1610;&#1605;: &#1575;&#1604;&#1576;&#1606;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1581;&#1578;&#1610;&#1577;&#1548; &#1581;&#1608;&#1575;&#1601;&#1586; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1610;&#1591;&#1575;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1576;&#1588;&#1585;&#1610;&#1548; &#1571;&#1580;&#1607;&#1586;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1602;&#1575;&#1576;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1605;&#1606;&#1610;&#1577;.</p><p>&#1576;&#1575;&#1578;&#1603;&#1575;&#1604;&#1607; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1585;&#1603;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1601;&#1608;&#1587;&#1601;&#1575;&#1578; &#1604;&#1578;&#1571;&#1605;&#1610;&#1606; &#1586;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1578;&#1607;&#1548; &#1610;&#1589;&#1576;&#1581; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610; &#1588;&#1585;&#1610;&#1603;&#1611;&#1575; &#1601;&#1610; &#1606;&#1592;&#1575;&#1605; &#1607;&#1610;&#1605;&#1606;&#1577; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1610;&#1548; &#1605;&#1581;&#1608;&#1604;&#1611;&#1575; &#1605;&#1615;&#1583;&#1582;&#1604;&#1575;&#1611; &#1586;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610;&#1611;&#1575; &#1573;&#1604;&#1609; &#1570;&#1604;&#1610;&#1577; &#1604;&#1578;&#1605;&#1608;&#1610;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1581;&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1604; &#1576;&#1588;&#1603;&#1604; &#1594;&#1610;&#1585; &#1605;&#1576;&#1575;&#1588;&#1585;.</p><p>&#1608;&#1576;&#1607;&#1584;&#1575; &#1578;&#1603;&#1608;&#1606; &#1587;&#1604;&#1587;&#1604;&#1577; &#1602;&#1610;&#1605;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1587;&#1605;&#1583;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1605;&#1604;&#1608;&#1579;&#1577; &#1601;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1606;&#1576;&#1593; &#1576;&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1594;&#1604;&#1575;&#1604; &#1594;&#1610;&#1585; &#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606;&#1610;&#1548; &#1578;&#1582;&#1578;&#1575;&#1585; &#1576;&#1585;&#1608;&#1603;&#1587;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1593;&#1575;&#1605;&#1604; &#1605;&#1593;&#1607; &#1603;&#1605;&#1580;&#1585;&#1583; &#1578;&#1601;&#1589;&#1610;&#1604; &#1604;&#1608;&#1580;&#1587;&#1578;&#1610;.</p><h4><strong>&#1606;&#1601;&#1575;&#1602; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578;&#1610;&#1580;&#1610; &#1601;&#1610; &#1602;&#1604;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1582;&#1591;&#1575;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;</strong></h4><p>&#1610;&#1602;&#1583;&#1605; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610; &#1606;&#1601;&#1587;&#1607; &#1603;&#1576;&#1591;&#1604; &#1604;&#1600; &#8220;&#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1592;&#1575;&#1605; &#1575;&#1604;&#1583;&#1608;&#1604;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1574;&#1605; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606;&#8221;&#1548; &#1608;&#1604;&#1581;&#1605;&#1575;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1593;&#1608;&#1604;&#1548; &#1608;&#1604;&#1604;&#1578;&#1578;&#1576;&#1593; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1582;&#1604;&#1575;&#1602;&#1610; &#1604;&#1587;&#1604;&#1575;&#1587;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1608;&#1585;&#1610;&#1583;. &#1608;&#1605;&#1593; &#1584;&#1604;&#1603;&#1548; &#1593;&#1606;&#1583;&#1605;&#1575; &#1610;&#1578;&#1593;&#1604;&#1602; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1605;&#1585; &#1576;&#1578;&#1587;&#1605;&#1610;&#1583; &#1581;&#1602;&#1608;&#1604;&#1607;&#1548; &#1601;&#1573;&#1606;&#1607; &#1610;&#1602;&#1576;&#1604; &#1583;&#1608;&#1606; &#1578;&#1585;&#1583;&#1583; &#1576;&#1578;&#1593;&#1604;&#1610;&#1602; &#1607;&#1584;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1576;&#1575;&#1583;&#1574; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1571;&#1576;&#1608;&#1575;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569;.</p><p>&#1607;&#1584;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1606;&#1575;&#1602;&#1590; &#1604;&#1610;&#1587; &#1589;&#1583;&#1601;&#1577;: &#1573;&#1606;&#1607; &#1610;&#1603;&#1588;&#1601; &#1593;&#1606; &#1578;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1590;&#1605;&#1606;&#1610;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1581;&#1602;&#1608;&#1602;&#1548; &#1581;&#1610;&#1579; &#1610;&#1589;&#1576;&#1581; &#1581;&#1602; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1593;&#1608;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1615;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1614;&#1585;&#1577; &#1602;&#1575;&#1576;&#1604;&#1575;&#1611; &#1604;&#1604;&#1605;&#1587;&#1575;&#1608;&#1605;&#1577;&#1548; &#1576;&#1605;&#1580;&#1585;&#1583; &#1571;&#1606; &#1610;&#1578;&#1593;&#1575;&#1585;&#1590; &#1605;&#1593; &#1590;&#1585;&#1608;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1606;&#1575;&#1601;&#1587;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1586;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610;&#1577; &#1608;&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1602;&#1585;&#1575;&#1585; &#1571;&#1587;&#1593;&#1575;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1584;&#1575;&#1569; &#1601;&#1610; &#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1575;.</p><h4><strong>&#1571;&#1605;&#1606; &#1594;&#1584;&#1575;&#1574;&#1610; &#1571;&#1605; &#1571;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1610;&#1567;</strong></h4><p>&#1601;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1608;&#1575;&#1602;&#1593;&#1548; &#8220;&#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1586;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610;&#8221; &#1575;&#1604;&#1584;&#1610; &#1610;&#1586;&#1593;&#1605; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610; &#1578;&#1593;&#1586;&#1610;&#1586;&#1607; &#1610;&#1602;&#1608;&#1605; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1582;&#1610;&#1575;&#1585; &#1587;&#1610;&#1575;&#1587;&#1610; &#1608;&#1575;&#1590;&#1581;: &#1590;&#1605;&#1575;&#1606; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1602;&#1585;&#1575;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1587;&#1608;&#1575;&#1602; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1581;&#1587;&#1575;&#1576; &#1573;&#1591;&#1575;&#1604;&#1577; &#1571;&#1605;&#1583; &#1592;&#1604;&#1605; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1610;. &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1576;&#1593;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1578;&#1586;&#1575;&#1610;&#1583;&#1577; &#1604;&#1601;&#1608;&#1587;&#1601;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1581;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569; &#1575;&#1604;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1604;&#1575; &#1578;&#1572;&#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1586;&#1585;&#1575;&#1593;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;&#1563; &#1576;&#1604; &#1578;&#1615;&#1602;&#1614;&#1608;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1608;&#1590;&#1593; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1575;&#1607;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1610;&#1548; &#1605;&#1606; &#1582;&#1604;&#1575;&#1604; &#1605;&#1606;&#1581; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; &#1585;&#1610;&#1593;&#1611;&#1575; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578;&#1610;&#1580;&#1610;&#1611;&#1575; &#1610;&#1593;&#1586;&#1586; &#1605;&#1608;&#1602;&#1601;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1583;&#1576;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1587;&#1610; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1587;&#1603;&#1585;&#1610;.</p><p>&#1576;&#1593;&#1610;&#1583;&#1611;&#1575; &#1593;&#1606; &#1571;&#1606; &#1610;&#1603;&#1608;&#1606; &#1588;&#1585;&#1610;&#1603;&#1611;&#1575; &#1605;&#1581;&#1575;&#1610;&#1583;&#1611;&#1575;&#1548; &#1610;&#1589;&#1576;&#1581; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; &#1576;&#1607;&#1584;&#1575; &#1601;&#1575;&#1593;&#1604;&#1575;&#1611; &#1585;&#1574;&#1610;&#1587;&#1610;&#1611;&#1575; &#1601;&#1610; &#1607;&#1610;&#1603;&#1604; &#1578;&#1608;&#1585;&#1610;&#1583; &#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610; &#1602;&#1575;&#1574;&#1605; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1573;&#1601;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578; &#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1602;&#1575;&#1576;&#1548; &#1581;&#1610;&#1579; &#1610;&#1578;&#1605; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1584;&#1585;&#1593; &#1576;&#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;&#1608;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1583;&#1608;&#1604;&#1610; &#1590;&#1583; &#1576;&#1593;&#1590; &#1575;&#1604;&#1582;&#1589;&#1608;&#1605; &#8212; &#1585;&#1608;&#1587;&#1610;&#1575; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1608;&#1580;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1582;&#1589;&#1608;&#1589; &#8212; &#1608;&#1578;&#1580;&#1575;&#1607;&#1604;&#1607; &#1593;&#1605;&#1583;&#1611;&#1575; &#1593;&#1606;&#1583;&#1605;&#1575; &#1610;&#1593;&#1578;&#1585;&#1590; &#1605;&#1589;&#1575;&#1604;&#1581; &#1578;&#1615;&#1593;&#1578;&#1576;&#1585; &#1581;&#1610;&#1608;&#1610;&#1577;.</p><h4><strong>&#1582;&#1591; &#1589;&#1583;&#1593; &#1603;&#1575;&#1588;&#1601;</strong></h4><p>&#1589;&#1593;&#1608;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576; &#1603;&#1605;&#1608;&#1585;&#1583; &#1571;&#1608;&#1604; &#1604;&#1604;&#1571;&#1587;&#1605;&#1583;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1583; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610; &#1604;&#1610;&#1587; &#1602;&#1589;&#1577; &#1606;&#1580;&#1575;&#1581; &#1589;&#1606;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610;&#1577;. &#1573;&#1606;&#1607; &#1603;&#1575;&#1588;&#1601; &#1587;&#1610;&#1575;&#1587;&#1610;: &#1603;&#1575;&#1588;&#1601; &#1593;&#1606; &#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1575; &#1605;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1578;&#1590;&#1581;&#1610;&#1577; &#1576;&#1605;&#1576;&#1575;&#1583;&#1574;&#1607;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1582;&#1575;&#1589;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1581;&#1601;&#1575;&#1592; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1585;&#1601;&#1575;&#1607;&#1610;&#1578;&#1607;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1575;&#1583;&#1610;&#1577;.<br>&#1608;&#1576;&#1607;&#1584;&#1607; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1601;&#1577;&#1548; &#1601;&#1573;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1587;&#1605;&#1583;&#1577; &#8220;&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;&#8221; &#1604;&#1575; &#1578;&#1582;&#1589;&#1576; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1585;&#1576;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577; &#1601;&#1581;&#1587;&#1576;&#1563; &#1576;&#1604; &#1578;&#1594;&#1584;&#1610; &#1606;&#1592;&#1575;&#1605;&#1611;&#1575; &#1583;&#1608;&#1604;&#1610;&#1611;&#1575; &#1584;&#1575; &#1587;&#1585;&#1593;&#1578;&#1610;&#1606;&#1548; &#1581;&#1610;&#1579; &#1610;&#1589;&#1576;&#1581; &#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1581;&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1604; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1607;&#1576; &#1605;&#1602;&#1576;&#1608;&#1604;&#1610;&#1606; &#1591;&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1575; &#1571;&#1606;&#1607;&#1605;&#1575; &#1610;&#1582;&#1583;&#1605;&#1575;&#1606; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1602;&#1585;&#1575;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1608;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1587;&#1610;&#1591;&#1585;&#1577;.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;04927292-4c0e-4c44-8480-14ed3abcc748&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;SOLIDMAR, 31/12/2025&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Engrais : quand la s&#233;curit&#233; agricole europ&#233;enne repose sur le pillage du Sahara occidental&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:293001113,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Fausto Giudice&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Author, Translator, publisher &#11050; Auteur, traducteur, &#233;diteur Bio FR https://t.ly/t1FcN Bio ES https://t.ly/nC8Gn Bio EN https://t.ly/89-5j&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1D0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba7d07e-e329-4bde-bcfb-1f410de9db57_200x200.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-12-31T14:55:00.208Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C1d3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87185a8c-10e5-4d6e-9947-1290bc890a81_426x639.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://faustotounsi.substack.com/p/engrais-quand-la-securite-agricole&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Solidarit&#233; 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